Publication: Estado del arte y perspectivas de futuro de la movilidad personal urbana
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2014-09
Defense date
2014-10-03
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Abstract
El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado se ha desarrollado con el objetivo de buscar soluciones reales a los principales problemas ocasionados por el automóvil en su vertiente urbana, a través de la revisión de la literatura disponible.
Para ello, en primer lugar se ha analizado cuáles son estos problemas, tanto a nivel medioambiental y energético como a nivel de desarrollo de la vida en las ciudades. Entre los encontrados destacan la contaminación atmosférica, la falta de espacio operativo en entornos urbanos, los ruidos, los accidentes de tráfico y las pérdidas de energía derivadas del uso de motores de combustión interna y del aumento de la masa de los vehículos.
Posteriormente se ha realizado un análisis de las posibles alternativas técnicas que podrían ayudar a eliminar o disminuir los problemas detectados: la reducción del peso de los vehículos; las mejoras disponibles para los motores de combustión; las soluciones híbridas, eléctricas y la pila de combustible frente a los sistemas de propulsión tradicionales; y finalmente las nuevas tecnologías de conducción inteligente.
Se ha encontrado que una sustancial reducción del peso de los automóviles es posible a través de la sustitución de materiales por otros más ligeros y nuevos diseños estructurales, mientras que la movilidad eléctrica se plantea como la principal alternativa al motor de combustión interna a medio y largo plazo. Además, la conducción autónoma y los sistemas V2V (coche a coche) y V2I (coche a infraestructura) se postulan como las principales tecnologías que permitirán disminuir en mayor grado el número de accidentes de tráfico, al mismo tiempo que contribuirán a mejorar la eficiencia energética del conjunto del sistema.
The present Final Degree’s Project has been developed with the aim of searching for solutions to the main problems generated by the automobile in its urban use. This has been done through the revision of the available literature. In the beginning, we analyzed these problems, including issues affecting specifically the ongoing of life in cities, as well as the environmental and energy problems. Among the most important findings, it is worth outlining the atmospheric pollution, the lack of operational space in cities, the noise, the traffic accidents, and the inefficiencies caused by the use of internal combustion engines, as well as the excess of mass in vehicles. After that we analyzed the feasible technical alternatives that could drive to the decrease or removal of these problems: the reduction of weight; the improvements available for the current internal combustion engines; the hybrid, electric, and fuel-cell solutions facing the traditional propulsion systems; and the new technologies that will provide the intelligent driving. We have found that an important reduction of weight can be accomplished through the substitution of some materials with others lighter than them, as well as with the development of new structural solutions, and that electric mobility is set out as the most important alternative for the internal combustion engine. In addition, autonomous driving and V2V (vehicle to vehicle) and V2I (vehicle to infrastructure) systems are seen as the main alternatives that will lead to a reduction in the number of car accidents. At the same time, they will contribute to increase the overall efficiency of the whole urban transport system.
The present Final Degree’s Project has been developed with the aim of searching for solutions to the main problems generated by the automobile in its urban use. This has been done through the revision of the available literature. In the beginning, we analyzed these problems, including issues affecting specifically the ongoing of life in cities, as well as the environmental and energy problems. Among the most important findings, it is worth outlining the atmospheric pollution, the lack of operational space in cities, the noise, the traffic accidents, and the inefficiencies caused by the use of internal combustion engines, as well as the excess of mass in vehicles. After that we analyzed the feasible technical alternatives that could drive to the decrease or removal of these problems: the reduction of weight; the improvements available for the current internal combustion engines; the hybrid, electric, and fuel-cell solutions facing the traditional propulsion systems; and the new technologies that will provide the intelligent driving. We have found that an important reduction of weight can be accomplished through the substitution of some materials with others lighter than them, as well as with the development of new structural solutions, and that electric mobility is set out as the most important alternative for the internal combustion engine. In addition, autonomous driving and V2V (vehicle to vehicle) and V2I (vehicle to infrastructure) systems are seen as the main alternatives that will lead to a reduction in the number of car accidents. At the same time, they will contribute to increase the overall efficiency of the whole urban transport system.
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Tecnología automovilística, Ahorro energético, Materiales