Publication: Estudio avanzado de combustión de la biomasa forestal en caldera de parrilla
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2016-01
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2016-03-10
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Abstract
La presente Memoria corresponde al estudio realizado sobre la situación de la biomasa forestal en España desde el punto de vista de aprovechamiento como recurso energético para la generación de energía eléctrica. El estudio revisa la situación general del empleo de la biomasa forestal y se centra en los aspectos tecnológicos, medioambientales, y económicos más relevantes. Dentro del estudio de los aspectos tecnológicos se hará especial hincapié en la necesidad de adecuar el recurso disponible al uso energético así como en poner de manifiesto los bajos rendimientos de la transformación de la biomasa forestal en energía eléctrica. En el estudio de la panorámica ambiental se destaca que el balance de CO2 es neutro en las emisiones directas de las centrales de biomasa forestal (sin contabilizar la energía obtenida en la recolecta, transporte, acondicionamiento, etc.). En lo referente al estudio económico se destaca la incidencia del marco legal que tiene efecto en la rentabilidad económica. En cuanto a la obtención de energía, se realizará mediante un ciclo Rankine quemando el combustible en una caldera de parrilla. Dentro de esta tecnología, se realizarán varias propuestas en función al combustible, utilizando biomasa forestal con diferentes tipos de humedad (48,9%, 36,58% y 14,57%) antes de ser introducida en la caldera, así como pellets (8,7%). Asimismo, se estudiarán dos estados del arte diferentes (40bar/400ºC y 60bar/450ºC), variando la temperatura y presión del vapor a la entrada de la turbina. Finalmente, se hace un estudio económico del coste de cada propuesta, así como los precios de venta de la energía, rentabilidad del proyecto, y un estudio de sensibilidad del mismo.
This report corresponds to the study about the situation of forestal biomass in Spain from the perspective of energy usage as an energy resource to generate electricity. The study revises the general employment situation of forestall biomass and it focuses in the technological, environmental, economic and most general aspects. Within the study of technological aspects, focus will be brought in the need to adequate the available resource to the energy use, as well as highlighting the low efficiency of forestall biomass transformations into electric energy. In the study of the environmental panorama it is highlighted that the balance of CO2 is neutral in the direct emissions of forestal biomass centrals (not having into account the obtained energy in the recollection, transport, conditioning, etc.). In reference to the economic stud emphasis is brought to the incidence of the legal framework which has effect over the economic profitability. Regarding energy production, this will be produced using a Rankine cycle burning the biomass in a grate-fired boiler. Within this technology, several proposals will be made depending on the fuel, using forestal biomass with different types of moisture (48,9%, 36,58% and 14,57%) before being introduce into the boiler, as well as pellets (8,7%). Likewise, two different states of art will be studied (40 bar and 400ºC and 60 bar and 450ªC), varying temperature and vapor pressure at the turbine inlet. Finally, an economic study will be made at the end of each proposal, as well as for the prices of sale of the energy and the project profitability, to end up with sensibility study of the project.
This report corresponds to the study about the situation of forestal biomass in Spain from the perspective of energy usage as an energy resource to generate electricity. The study revises the general employment situation of forestall biomass and it focuses in the technological, environmental, economic and most general aspects. Within the study of technological aspects, focus will be brought in the need to adequate the available resource to the energy use, as well as highlighting the low efficiency of forestall biomass transformations into electric energy. In the study of the environmental panorama it is highlighted that the balance of CO2 is neutral in the direct emissions of forestal biomass centrals (not having into account the obtained energy in the recollection, transport, conditioning, etc.). In reference to the economic stud emphasis is brought to the incidence of the legal framework which has effect over the economic profitability. Regarding energy production, this will be produced using a Rankine cycle burning the biomass in a grate-fired boiler. Within this technology, several proposals will be made depending on the fuel, using forestal biomass with different types of moisture (48,9%, 36,58% and 14,57%) before being introduce into the boiler, as well as pellets (8,7%). Likewise, two different states of art will be studied (40 bar and 400ºC and 60 bar and 450ªC), varying temperature and vapor pressure at the turbine inlet. Finally, an economic study will be made at the end of each proposal, as well as for the prices of sale of the energy and the project profitability, to end up with sensibility study of the project.
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Keywords
Combustión, Bioenergía, Ciclo termodinámico Rankine, Recursos energéticos