Publication: De las fake news a la polarización digital. Una década de hibridación de desinformación y propaganda
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2022
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Asociación Latinoamericana de Investigadores en Campañas Electorales (ALICE)
Abstract
Pocos acontecimientos pueden ser considerados globales e históricos al mismo tiempo, pero cuando ocurren generan un nivel de intensidad informativa que satura la dieta informativa cotidiana y, paralelamente, también modifican estructuras informativas consolidadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer un análisis descriptivo y estructurado de la evolución de la desinformación en la última década, e intentar apuntar a los principales elementos que caracterizan a la transformación de las nuevas estrategias de poder que se desarrollan en la esfera pública digital. Para ello, se analiza de forma retrospectiva los siguientes procesos: la normalización de los procesos de desinformación política y social, el nuevo papel de intermediación de los partidos políticos, los movimientos sociales y los grupos de presión, así como los nuevos canales de mediación y (des)intermediación. Desde esta perspectiva, hay cuatro momentos fundamentales que explican parcialmente la consolidación del nuevo escenario: el papel de los movimientos sociales y el activismo a principios de la segunda década del siglo XXI (Primavera Árabe, 15-M u Occupy Wall Street), el año 2016 entendido como el año de la consolidación de la polarización política como estrategia política (Brexit, referéndum en Colombia o elecciones en EEUU), la desinformación relacionada con la pandemia y la globalización de determinadas narrativas (desde 2020 hasta la actualidad) y la hibridación de propaganda y desinformación que se empezó a consolidar tras la invasión rusa en Ucrania a partir de febrero de 2022.
Few events can be considered global and historical at the same time, but when they occur they can generate a level of information intensity that saturates the daily information diet and, in parallel, they also modify consolidated information structures.The objective of this work is to make a descriptive and structured analysis of the evolution of disinformation in the last decade, and try to point out the main elements that characterize the transformation of the new power strategies that are developed in the digital public sphere. To this end, the following processes are retrospectively analyzed: the normalization of political and social disinformation processes, the new intermediary role of political parties, social movements and lobbies, as well as the new (dis)intermediation channels.From this perspective, there are four fundamental moments that partially explain the consolidation of the new scenario: the role of social movements and activism at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century (Arab Spring, 15-M or Occupy Wall Street), the year 2016 understood as the year of the consolidation of political polarization as a political strategy (Brexit, referendum in Colombia or elections in the US), disinformation related to the pandemic and the globalization of several narratives (from 2020 to the present) and the hybridization of propaganda and misinformation that began to consolidate after the Russian invasion of Ukraine from February 2022. These four historical and media events have changed the role of social networks (from a conversation tool to propaganda media, from tech companies to intermediaries with editing and distribution capacity), the redefinition and importance of freedom of expression and information, the resilience and transformation of government systems in global contexts (both democracies and dictatorships), the role of the media in the new digital public sphere (from fourth power to (in)voluntary speakers of political discourse) and the facility to break down the entry barriers to traditional political systems through transnational populist strategies.
Few events can be considered global and historical at the same time, but when they occur they can generate a level of information intensity that saturates the daily information diet and, in parallel, they also modify consolidated information structures.The objective of this work is to make a descriptive and structured analysis of the evolution of disinformation in the last decade, and try to point out the main elements that characterize the transformation of the new power strategies that are developed in the digital public sphere. To this end, the following processes are retrospectively analyzed: the normalization of political and social disinformation processes, the new intermediary role of political parties, social movements and lobbies, as well as the new (dis)intermediation channels.From this perspective, there are four fundamental moments that partially explain the consolidation of the new scenario: the role of social movements and activism at the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century (Arab Spring, 15-M or Occupy Wall Street), the year 2016 understood as the year of the consolidation of political polarization as a political strategy (Brexit, referendum in Colombia or elections in the US), disinformation related to the pandemic and the globalization of several narratives (from 2020 to the present) and the hybridization of propaganda and misinformation that began to consolidate after the Russian invasion of Ukraine from February 2022. These four historical and media events have changed the role of social networks (from a conversation tool to propaganda media, from tech companies to intermediaries with editing and distribution capacity), the redefinition and importance of freedom of expression and information, the resilience and transformation of government systems in global contexts (both democracies and dictatorships), the role of the media in the new digital public sphere (from fourth power to (in)voluntary speakers of political discourse) and the facility to break down the entry barriers to traditional political systems through transnational populist strategies.
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Keywords
Polarización, Fake News, Desinformación, Propaganda, Redes Sociales, Fake News, Polarization, Disinformation, Propangand, Social Networks
Bibliographic citation
Magallón-Rosa, R. (2022). De las fake news a la polarización digital. Una década de hibridación de desinformación y propaganda. Más Poder Local, (50), 32-48.