Publication: Estudio estructural del soporte de un aerogenerador
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2017-07-13
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2017-07-13
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Abstract
Este proyecto se centra en el cálculo estructural y diseño de la torre de un aerogenerador. Para realizar la selección del modelo de turbina eólica para la cual se va a diseñar la estructura, fue necesario llevar a cabo un estudio del potencial eólico de España, tras el cual se seleccionó la localidad de Plasencia como lugar para efectuar la instalación. Se eligió finalmente como turbina el modelo AW116/3000 de 3 MW de potencia suministrado por Acciona.
Posteriormente, tras analizar diversos parámetros relativos al viento de la localización elegida, se dio comienzo al análisis estructural. Para ello se efectuó inicialmente un estudio analítico que sirvió para realizar el predimensionado de la estructura. Después se obtuvo el diseño definitivo utilizando el método de los elementos finitos (MEF).
Los cálculos analíticos consistieron en el análisis del estado límite terminante y de los estudios de pandeo, fatiga y resonancia, así como la evaluación del desplazamiento de la torre para dos estados de carga: condiciones extremas y condiciones normales de viento, tal como indica la normativa UNE-EN 61400-1. En el análisis mediante MEF se abarcaron los mismos estudios.
Una vez finalizados los cálculos y realizada la comparación entre ambos métodos, con el fin de comprobar que no se habían cometido errores, se obtuvo un diseño de la torre con las siguientes características:
Material: Acero S355JR.
Diámetro de la base: 4,5 metros.
Diámetro en el extremo superior: 3 metros.
Espesor del acero en la base: 39 milímetros.
Espesor del acero en el extremo superior: 16 milímetros.
Tras haber obtenido las dimensiones definitivas del diseño, estas se compararon con las dimensiones de torres utilizadas en otros aerogeneradores comerciales y de características similares al modelo de turbina elegido. Las dimensiones de estas torres presentaron una gran similitud con las obtenidas a tras el proceso de cálculo, con lo que se concluyó con que el mencionado proceso se había realizado de manera correcta y que el diseño, a falta de realizar las pruebas pertinentes con prototipos a escala, era adecuado para su instalación en la localización seleccionada.
This project focuses on the structural calculation and design of the tower of a wind turbine. First of all, a study of the wind potential of Spain was performed, in order to select the appropriate wind turbine model for which the structure is to be designed. Concluded this study, the locality of Plasencia was selected as the site for the design, and the AW116/3000 model of 3 MW, supplied by Acciona, was chosen as the turbine. Subsequently, after analyzing various parameters related to the wind of the area, the structural analysis began. First, an analytical study was performed, which results served as a pre-dimensionalization of the structure. The definitive design was obtained using the finite element method (FEM). The analytical calculations consisted of the analysis of the limit state and of the study of the buckling, fatigue and resonance phenomena, as well as the evaluation of the tower displacement for two different states of load: extreme and normal conditions of wind, as indicated in IEC 61400-1. The FEM analysis consisted of the same studies. Once ended the calculation process and performed the comparison of the results obtained by the two methods, with the objective of checking that no mistakes were made in the process, a tower design was obtained with the following characteristics: Material: Steel S355JR. Diameter at the base: 4.5 meters. Diameter at the upper end: 3 meters. Thickness of steel at the base: 39 mm. Thickness of the steel at the upper end: 16 mm. The definitive dimensions were then compared with the measurements of towers used to support other commercial wind turbines with similar characteristics to the chosen model. The dimensions of these towers had a great similarity with those obtained after the calculation process. This allowed to conclude that the process had been carried out correctly and that, once the proper tests with scaled prototypes were done, the design was suitable for installation in the selected location.
This project focuses on the structural calculation and design of the tower of a wind turbine. First of all, a study of the wind potential of Spain was performed, in order to select the appropriate wind turbine model for which the structure is to be designed. Concluded this study, the locality of Plasencia was selected as the site for the design, and the AW116/3000 model of 3 MW, supplied by Acciona, was chosen as the turbine. Subsequently, after analyzing various parameters related to the wind of the area, the structural analysis began. First, an analytical study was performed, which results served as a pre-dimensionalization of the structure. The definitive design was obtained using the finite element method (FEM). The analytical calculations consisted of the analysis of the limit state and of the study of the buckling, fatigue and resonance phenomena, as well as the evaluation of the tower displacement for two different states of load: extreme and normal conditions of wind, as indicated in IEC 61400-1. The FEM analysis consisted of the same studies. Once ended the calculation process and performed the comparison of the results obtained by the two methods, with the objective of checking that no mistakes were made in the process, a tower design was obtained with the following characteristics: Material: Steel S355JR. Diameter at the base: 4.5 meters. Diameter at the upper end: 3 meters. Thickness of steel at the base: 39 mm. Thickness of the steel at the upper end: 16 mm. The definitive dimensions were then compared with the measurements of towers used to support other commercial wind turbines with similar characteristics to the chosen model. The dimensions of these towers had a great similarity with those obtained after the calculation process. This allowed to conclude that the process had been carried out correctly and that, once the proper tests with scaled prototypes were done, the design was suitable for installation in the selected location.
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Keywords
Cálculo de estructuras, Turbomaquinaria, Aerogeneradores, Energía eólica, Energías renovables, Sistemas eléctricos