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Publication Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor for an Urban Transport Electric Vehicle(IEEE Computer Society, 2015-10-06) Chinchilla Sánchez, Mónica; Montoya Larrahondo, JaimeThis work proposes a new linear motor for an electric bus propulsion system. The vehicle is powered by a new topology of permanent magnet synchronous linear motor. The slider of the motor is integrally attached to the floor of the vehicle to propel. The motor is fed with an alternating voltage conveniently applied to a three-phased stator coils which are distributed in the rails that attach the vehicle travel. Therefore, the motor requires no energy storage system. A set of permanent magnets located on the slider and disposed in Hal Bach array, maximize thrust force. The new slider topology is able to reduce the thrust ripple, while maintaining its average value. At the same time it reduces the normal force, which in this type of motor with ferromagnetic slotted stator, is an attraction force. The study of the dynamic behavior of electromagnetic forces concerning the movement of the slider on the stator is shown as well as the motor structural design. A 3D Finite Element simulation tool is used.Publication Gestión de Congestiones en Redes Eléctricas Inteligentes(Grupo Tecma Red S.L., 2016-10-18) Alonso Martínez, Mónica; Amarís Duarte, Hortensia Elena; González Juárez, Lorena Guadalupe; Rojas Delgado, Brenda Carolina; Della Giustina, Davide; Dede, Alessio; European CommissionLa gestión de congestiones en las redes eléctricas de distribución es una de las operaciones más críticas a las que se enfrentan los operadores de las redes eléctricas inteligentes. En este trabajo el control de congestiones se plantea desde una doble perspectiva que funciona de forma coordinada. Por un lado, se plantea optimizar en tiempo real la operación de los recursos energéticos distribuidos que se encuentran en la red (STATCOM, fuentes de generación distribuida). Y, por otro lado; se plantea la reconfiguración dinámica de la red, mediante la apertura y cierre de los dispositivos de maniobra telecontrolados. El control de congestiones se ha probado en un piloto de una red de demostración inteligente del proyecto Europeo 1DE4L.Publication Gestión Óptima de la Generación Distribuida en Smart Grids.(Grupo Tecma Red S.L., 2016-10-18) Alonso Martínez, Mónica; Amarís Duarte, Hortensia Elena; Rojas Delgado, Brenda Carolina; Hernández Calleja, LuisLas perspectivas energéticas a medio y largo plazo apuntan a un crecimiento de la generación distribuida y el autoconsumo en los próximos años. El desarrollo de estos aspectos requiere, tanto la existencia de un marco regulatorio adecuado, como la aplicación de mecanismos técnicos que permitan optimizar la integración de la generación distribuida en las redes eléctricas de distribución. En este trabajo se presenta la aplicación de técnicas de gestión de la generación distribuida basadas en Algoritmos Genéticos ante diversos escenarios de demanda y de generación. Las técnicas de optimización permiten maximizar la penetración de la generación distribuida en la red de distribución manteniendo la estabilidad del sistema eléctrico.Publication Control coordinado de tensión en redes eléctricas inteligentes: desarrollo e implementación "hardaware in the loop"(Grupo Tecma Red S.L., 2016-10-18) Gonzalez Juarez, Lorena Guadalupe; Amarís Duarte, Hortensia Elena; Rojas Delgado, Brenda Carolina; Alonso Martínez, Mónica; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)En este trabajo, se propone un sistema de control coordinado para redes inteligentes a través del uso de la tecnología de operaciones ("Operational Technology") y las TIC. El sistema de control propuesto se estructura en una arquitectura de control jerárquica basándose en una infraestructura de comunicaciones que permite la estimación de la demanda, la estimación de estado, y el control de tensión coordinado de los recursos energéticos distribuidos de la red inteligente. La viabilidad de esta estructura de control se ha implementado experimentalmente en una herramienta de simulación "Hardware-in-the-loop" mediante la plataforma OPAL-RT donde se han implementado los controles locales y el controlador jerárquico.Publication Aplicación de la IEC 61850 en un proyecto de demostración de redes eléctricas inteligentes de distribución(Grupo Tecma Red S.L., 2016-10-18) Alonso Martínez, Mónica; Amarís Duarte, Hortensia Elena; Vázquez Romero, Ricardo; Hormigo, Maite; Salazar, Fernando; European CommissionEl estándar IEC 61850 se ha aplicado principalmente para el control de subestaciones, comunicación y protección. Pocas son las aplicaciones donde se extiende su rango de operación para cubrir otras funcionalidades necesarias para la operación de redes eléctricas de distribución. En esta comunicación se presenta la arquitectura de automatización de una red de distribución piloto desplegada en el proyecto Europeo 1DE4L donde se ha implementado distintas funciones de operación como por ejemplo: monitorización en tiempo real, estimación del estado de la red, predicción de la demanda y de la generación o el control de congestiones en redes eléctricas de distribución de baja y media tensión.Publication Stochastic Technical Losses Analysis of Smart Grids under Uncertain Demand(IEEE, 2018-09) Velasco Guerra, Jose Antonio; Amarís Duarte, Hortensia Elena; Alonso Martínez, Mónica; Miguélez, Mariano; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)Technical losses of smart grids can be computed using the customer's smart meter measurements (active and reactive energy) and the energy measurement registered by the Low Voltage (LV) supervisor deployed at secondary substations. However, in some LV networks, some customers do not provide information regarding the energy consumed and produced in real time. This fact complicates the calculation of technical losses because this information is necessary for estimating the load demand for this subset of customers. In this paper, a stochastic approach is proposed for the estimation of technical losses in smart grids under uncertain load demands (e.g., non-telemetered customers and uncertain smart meters readings). Load demand estimation of non-metered customers was performed by means of a top-down approach. Intra-hour load demand profiles of customers were synthetically generated by applying a Markov process. The data and network used in this process corresponded to the roll-out deployed by the Spanish Research and Development (R&D) demonstration project OSIRIS.Publication Optimising Load Flexibility for the Day Ahead in Distribution Networks with Photovoltaics(IEEE, 2019-08-26) Velasco Rodríguez, José Ángel; Rigoni, Valenrin; Soroudi, Alireza; Keane, Andrew; Amarís Duarte, Hortensia Elena; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)In this paper a methodology is proposed to calculate the load demand flexibility that could be activated within the next 24-hours for solving the technical impacts of contingencies that may come up in an unbalanced low voltage distribution networks with high penetration of intermittent DG sources. The methodology is formulated within a Demand Response program environment via load shifting as flexibility enabler mechanism. To achieve that, a non-linear optimisation problem is formulated based on an unbalanced optimal power flow, which allows the determination of the load flexibility that each Demand Response customer could provide at the request of the Distribution System Operator. The demand as well as weather conditions are forecasted for the day ahead. The optimisation problem is solved in a sequence fashion, within a daily framework, splitting the whole problem in optimisation blocks. In each block, the flexible load demand is obtained and the load demand forecasting its updated for the upcoming blocks based on the changes in the scheduled load demand. The methodology is applied to a real distribution network with the load data received from the smart metering infrastructure. The results obtained show the strength of the methodology in solving the technical problems of the network under high unbalanced operation.Publication Synthesis of hourly wind power series using the Moving Block Bootstrap method(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2014) Usaola García, JulioPMAPS is the leading forum for engineers and scientists worldwide to share and discuss their research on probabilistic and statistical modelling applied to power systems. Durham has been a centre of culture and learning for over 1000 years, and the University is the third oldest in England. The city is centred on the World Heritage Site, which includes the Norman-era Castle and Cathedral (the Castle is a College of the University and the site of the PMAPS relcome reception.) The Durham Energy Institute is a leading cross-disciplinary research energy research institute, with particularly notable activites in power systems risk analysis and the mathematics of energy systems.Publication Technical Constraints and Flexibility Markets in Smart Grids(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015) Moreno López de Saá, María Ángeles; Usaola García, JulioTechnical constraints and flexibility management in smart grids are analyzed using a market based approach. Flexibility services may allow network operators to tackle grid constraints in all timescales, maintaining reliability and quality of service and maximizing integration of distributed energy resources. Here, only short term markets will be considered; consumer and DER flexibility will be used in order to solve the distribution grid constraints (line/transformer overloads or voltage limit violations) in the day-ahead framework. The main contribution of the paper is a proposal of congestion management in smart grids consistent with the wholesale electricity market already in use. The role of the new actors will be highlighted to remark the consequences of regulatory decisions to be taken in the next future.Publication An Optimal Scheduling for Aggregators in Smart Grids(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015) Usaola García, Julio; Ayón Flores, Xiaolin IvonneThis paper proposes a stochastic optimization method that produces bidding curves to be submitted by an aggregator to the day ahead wholesale markets taking into account the possible imbalance costs as well as the uncertainty of the forecasts (market price, demand and renewable generation for the next day). A formulation is proposed, which yields a linear optimization problem of moderate dimension with short computation times. The result of applying this technique is an increase in revenues of the aggregator from the trading of the resources that it represents. The benefits are assessed, by comparing it with a standard deterministic optimization technique.