Periodismo de datos, transparencia y colaboración: un análisis comparativo del discurso periodístico en España, Estados Unidos y Argentina
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2024-06
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2024-02-22
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Abstract
En 2010, tres organizaciones periodísticas colaboraron con Wikileaks en una de las filtraciones internacionales de datos masivos más paradigmática de la era digital: los papeles de Afganistán. Desde entonces, el concepto de un nuevo periodismo de datos e investigación (“investigative data journalism”) se ha ido consolidando en las redacciones a nivel global. Este trabajo doctoral estudia, comparativamente, la evolución del discurso periodístico en torno al periodismo de datos y su aplicación a la investigación periodística en relación con conceptos básicos para su desarrollo, tales como la transparencia y la colaboración.
El estudio se sirve, por un lado, del análisis de contenido cualitativo de publicaciones sobre los papeles de Afganistán, Panamá y Pandora, emitidos por diferentes tipos de organizaciones periodísticas –cabeceras tradicionales, nativos digitales y entidades sin ánimo de lucro– en España (El País, El Confidencial y Civio), Estados Unidos (New York Times, The Huffington Post y ProPublica) y Argentina (La Nación, Infobae y FOPEA) (N=1349). Mediante el análisis discursivo de la producción periodística sobre estos tres casos significativos del periodismo de datos e investigación, este trabajo pretende capturar la posible transformación del relato y la reflexión periodística sobre estas prácticas. La selección de casos ofrece un marco temporal que abarca desde 2010, año en el que se produjo la revelación de los diarios de guerra de Afganistán, pasando por 2016, momento de la publicación de los papeles de Panamá, hasta llegar a 2021, cuando tuvo lugar una de las últimas revelaciones masivas del periodismo de datos e investigación, los papeles de Pandora.
Por otro lado, el trabajo completa la producción discursiva en torno a hitos del periodismo de datos e investigación con la observación y exploración de las opiniones de profesionales que trabajaron en equipos de datos de las redacciones mencionadas en los años en los que los casos de Afganistán, Panamá y Pandora vieron la luz, y expertos de esta disciplina en los tres países analizados. Estas opiniones resultaron de un total de 33 entrevistas en profundidad realizadas entre 2022 y 2023 para esta tesis.
En síntesis, los resultados corroboran que la evolución del periodismo de investigación y datos ha pasado por una etapa de adopción en 2010, consolidación en 2016 y normalización en 2021. Para el futuro, emerge como concepto clave la cooperación, que permitirá producir reportajes de calidad con menos recursos.
In 2010, three news organisations collaborated with Wikileaks on one of the most paradigmatic international data leaks of the digital age: the Afghanistan Papers. Since then, the concept of a new investigative data journalism has been consolidating in newsrooms around the world. This doctoral work studies, comparatively, the evolution of journalistic discourse around this practice of professional performance of investigative data journalism in relation to key concepts for its development, such as transparency and collaboration. The study uses, on one hand, qualitative content techniques to analyses articles on the Afghanistan, Panama and Pandora papers, published by different types of journalistic organisations – traditional newspapers, digital natives and non-profit organisations – in Spain (El País, El Confidencial and Civio), the United States (The New York Times, The Huffington Post and ProPublica) and Argentina (La Nación, Infobae and FOPEA) (N=1349). Through the discursive analysis of the journalistic outputs of these three significant cases of investigative data journalism, this paper aims to capture the possible transformation of the narrative and journalistic reflection on these new practices. The selection of cases offers a time frame that spans from 2010, when the Afghanistan war diaries were revealed, through 2016, when the Panama papers were published, to 2021, when the last major mass revelation of investigative journalism data, the Pandora papers,took place. On the other hand, the study complements the discursive analysis of the journalist narrative around milestones in data journalism with the observation and exploration of the opinions of professionals who worked in data teams in the aforementioned newsrooms in the years in which the Afghanistan, Panama and Pandora cases came to light, and experts in this discipline in the three countries analysed. These opinions resulted from a total of 33 in-depth interviews conducted between 2022 and 2023 for this thesis. Results show that data journalism was adopted in 2010 and after a period of euphoria in 2016, it has been adopted in newsrooms as any other routine. In the future, cooperation emerges as a key value to make better journalism with less resources.
In 2010, three news organisations collaborated with Wikileaks on one of the most paradigmatic international data leaks of the digital age: the Afghanistan Papers. Since then, the concept of a new investigative data journalism has been consolidating in newsrooms around the world. This doctoral work studies, comparatively, the evolution of journalistic discourse around this practice of professional performance of investigative data journalism in relation to key concepts for its development, such as transparency and collaboration. The study uses, on one hand, qualitative content techniques to analyses articles on the Afghanistan, Panama and Pandora papers, published by different types of journalistic organisations – traditional newspapers, digital natives and non-profit organisations – in Spain (El País, El Confidencial and Civio), the United States (The New York Times, The Huffington Post and ProPublica) and Argentina (La Nación, Infobae and FOPEA) (N=1349). Through the discursive analysis of the journalistic outputs of these three significant cases of investigative data journalism, this paper aims to capture the possible transformation of the narrative and journalistic reflection on these new practices. The selection of cases offers a time frame that spans from 2010, when the Afghanistan war diaries were revealed, through 2016, when the Panama papers were published, to 2021, when the last major mass revelation of investigative journalism data, the Pandora papers,took place. On the other hand, the study complements the discursive analysis of the journalist narrative around milestones in data journalism with the observation and exploration of the opinions of professionals who worked in data teams in the aforementioned newsrooms in the years in which the Afghanistan, Panama and Pandora cases came to light, and experts in this discipline in the three countries analysed. These opinions resulted from a total of 33 in-depth interviews conducted between 2022 and 2023 for this thesis. Results show that data journalism was adopted in 2010 and after a period of euphoria in 2016, it has been adopted in newsrooms as any other routine. In the future, cooperation emerges as a key value to make better journalism with less resources.
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Periodismo de datos, periodismo de investigación, transparencia, cooperación, automatización, open data, Wikileaks, Panama Papers, Pandora Papers, data journalism, investigative reporting, transparency, cooperation, automatized journalism