Publication: Active Control of smarts grids
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Publication date
2019-04
Defense date
2019-09-16
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Abstract
Según la Agencia Internacional de la Energía, la energía procedente de fuentes renovables
se ha visto incrementada en un 10% en los últimos anos, situándose en el ano 2017
en un 25%. La incorporación de la generación renovable en los sistemas de distribución
puede dar lugar a flujos de potencia bidireccionales y congestiones en la red.
Integrar de forma eficiente las nuevas unidades de generación distribuida, así como
los vehículos eléctricos y los consumidores finales en la gestión de los sistemas de distribución
manteniendo la calidad del servicio es uno de los grandes retos a los que se
enfrentan los operadores de las redes de distribución (DSO). Como consecuencia de este
nuevo paradigma, algunos países de la UE han desarrollado códigos de red que permiten a
dichas unidades participar en los servicios complementarios de la red a la que se encuentran
conectados. Sin embargo, las herramientas empleadas por los DSOs han demostrado
no ser eficientes en la resolución de congestiones en las redes de distribución, a pesar de
disponer de recursos distribuidos capaces de dar respuesta a esta necesidad. Además, las
unidades de generación distribuida de las redes de distribución podrían ser empleadas en
la resolución de congestiones de las redes de transporte si se desarrollan herramientas de
operación coordinada de las redes de transporte y distribución.
El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es desarrollar métodos y procedimientos que permitan
regular la tensión de las redes de distribución de media y baja tensión con alta penetración
de generación distribuida. Las herramientas desarrolladas permiten a los DSOs
regular la tensión de las redes de media y baja tensión mediante la gestión de los recursos
energéticos distribuidos presentes en su red (generación distribuida, almacenamiento,
vehículo eléctrico). Además, las herramientas desarrolladas permiten ofertar servicios
complementarios de control de tensión a la red de transporte.
La aplicabilidad de la estrategia desarrollada se ha demostrado en una red eléctrica
real de 140 nudos localizada en Espana, en condiciones normales de operación de las
redes de media y baja tensión, así como ante contingencias en la red de media tensión.
En cada una de las condiciones de estudio se ha analizado la respuesta de tres estrategias
de control de tensión: control local descentralizado, control distribuido y control coordinado.
A partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que asignar óptimamente
las consignas de operación de las unidades de generación distribuida presentes en los
sistemas de distribución permite minimizar las pérdidas de potencia en los sistemas de
distribución, minimizar el tamaño de las unidades de inyección de potencia reactiva presentes
en los mismos, así como mejorar la vida útil de los transformadores de conexión
de los sistemas de media y baja tensión.
According to the International Energy Agency, power generation from renewable energy sources has increased worldwide from 15% in 2004 to 25% in 2017. In some situations, installing sources of renewable origin onto distribution grids creates network congestions and distribution networks are not prepared enough to manage the bidirectional flow of this energy. In some EU-countries, grid codes are being defined so that the distributed generation can supply complimentary services to the grid at the connection point when the distributed generation is connected to the distribution grid. Currently, there is a need of implementing tools that help distribution system operators to manage the distribution grids. These tools are beneficial for distributed generation integration, electric vehicles connection, and the participation of the energy end-users, as the grids help to maintain both power efficiency (i.e., electric losses reduction) and the electricity supply quality. The aforementioned aspects show that grid operators do not possess the right tools that allow them to solve congestions in their grids, even though they have distributed resources that allows them to solve these congestions. Moreover, they do not have the proper tools to coordinate its operation with the transmission systems operators and they also cannot provide the assurance of offering distribution networks’ flexibility services in order to, eventually, solve congestion problems in higher voltage power networks. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to develop methods and procedures that can improve the voltage regulation of medium voltage and low voltage distribution networks that have a high penetration of distributed energy resources. The developed methods will allow distribution network operators to manage their distributed energy resources (distributed generation, storage systems, electric vehicles) in almost real-time; in this way, the distribution grid can regulate both voltages at low and medium levels, and it can offer a complimentary service of voltage control to the transmission network. The applicability of the proposed strategy is demonstrated in a real 140-node power network located in Spain, regarding normal operation in the medium voltage and low voltage networks and abnormal situations in the medium voltage network. In each situation, three voltage control strategies are compared: local decentralized voltage control, distributed voltage control, and coordinated voltage control. In view of the results, it can be concluded that the implementation of the proposed algorithm allows the power losses in the system to be minimized if a coordinated optimal assignation of the distributed generation units present in the whole system is undertaken.
According to the International Energy Agency, power generation from renewable energy sources has increased worldwide from 15% in 2004 to 25% in 2017. In some situations, installing sources of renewable origin onto distribution grids creates network congestions and distribution networks are not prepared enough to manage the bidirectional flow of this energy. In some EU-countries, grid codes are being defined so that the distributed generation can supply complimentary services to the grid at the connection point when the distributed generation is connected to the distribution grid. Currently, there is a need of implementing tools that help distribution system operators to manage the distribution grids. These tools are beneficial for distributed generation integration, electric vehicles connection, and the participation of the energy end-users, as the grids help to maintain both power efficiency (i.e., electric losses reduction) and the electricity supply quality. The aforementioned aspects show that grid operators do not possess the right tools that allow them to solve congestions in their grids, even though they have distributed resources that allows them to solve these congestions. Moreover, they do not have the proper tools to coordinate its operation with the transmission systems operators and they also cannot provide the assurance of offering distribution networks’ flexibility services in order to, eventually, solve congestion problems in higher voltage power networks. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to develop methods and procedures that can improve the voltage regulation of medium voltage and low voltage distribution networks that have a high penetration of distributed energy resources. The developed methods will allow distribution network operators to manage their distributed energy resources (distributed generation, storage systems, electric vehicles) in almost real-time; in this way, the distribution grid can regulate both voltages at low and medium levels, and it can offer a complimentary service of voltage control to the transmission network. The applicability of the proposed strategy is demonstrated in a real 140-node power network located in Spain, regarding normal operation in the medium voltage and low voltage networks and abnormal situations in the medium voltage network. In each situation, three voltage control strategies are compared: local decentralized voltage control, distributed voltage control, and coordinated voltage control. In view of the results, it can be concluded that the implementation of the proposed algorithm allows the power losses in the system to be minimized if a coordinated optimal assignation of the distributed generation units present in the whole system is undertaken.
Description
Mención Internacional en el título de doctor
Keywords
Coordinated control, Demand response, Smart grids, Renewable energies, Storage systems