Publication: Por una información responsable: deontología y práctica del derecho de rectificación en la prensa española
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2019-05-14
Defense date
2019-03-20
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Abstract
Hasta el momento la aproximación al Derecho de rectificación en España se ha reducido esencialmente a su análisis desde una perspectiva jurídica, haciendo hincapié en cómo debe ser entendida esta figura en función, tanto de su regulación legal como de lo enunciado por la jurisprudencia constitucional. En el ámbito de la Comunicación, sin embargo, este enfoque resulta poco práctico, puesto que impide conocer las verdaderas implicaciones y la efectividad del Derecho cuando es ejercicio por el ciudadano a través de los medios de comunicación. Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene por objeto investigar la satisfacción real del Derecho de rectificación en la prensa española desde que entrara en vigor la Ley Orgánica que lo regula, en 1984, hasta 2017, tomando como referencia tanto sus limitaciones jurídicas como el papel de la deontología periodística. En cuanto a la metodología de investigación, se han empleado técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas para analizar la cantidad y las características de los escritos de rectificación publicados en los diarios nacionales de mayor tirada (n=1.448), así como cuestionarios opinativos de calidad a distintos grupos de profesionales (n=47) con el propósito de encontrar las razones que expliquen la escasa repercusión de este derecho. Los resultados confirman las hipótesis de partida: la publicación de los escritos de rectificación es escasa y no cumple con los mínimos exigibles; los responsables de los periódicos no abogan por reforzar su protección dentro de los manuales de conducta y son reticentes a la hora de difundir las rectificaciones, mientras que el público desconoce los pormenores de un derecho que le asiste y se mantiene en ese acomplejado segundo plano que es la sombra mediática. En conclusión, el Derecho de rectificación es una figura marginal, con escasa presencia en los medios y que no goza de la efectividad necesaria. Algo en lo que tienen mucho que ver una regulación jurídica anticuada, la indefinición de los códigos de autorregulación o las rutinas periodísticas (premura, falta de contraste, espectacularidad e intereses políticos y económicos); pero también, en último término, la arrogancia del periodista, que identifica la rectificación del aludido con una suerte de reprimenda hacia su trabajo.
Until now, the theoretical approach to the right of reply in Spain has been reduced basically to the study of its legal perspective, putting the emphasis on how this figure must be understood taking into consideration both the legal regulation and the Constitutional jurisprudence. Nevertheless, in the field of mass communication this standpoint becomes barely practical since it doesn´t give the opportunity to understand the real consequences and efficacy of this right when the citizen exercises it through the media. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the efficacy of the right of reply in the Spanish press from 1984 —when the law that regulates this right came into force— until 2017, taking its legal limitations and professional ethics as references. In relation to the methodology, we have used quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse the number and features of the replies that have been published in the most important Spanish newspapers (n=1.448). We have also utilised quality opinion surveys (n=47) among different groups of professionals in order to find the reasons that justify the low impact of this right. The results obtained confirm our starting point hypothesis: the number of the replies that are published is limited and the newspapers don´t match the minimum requirements, directors don´t stand up for strengthening the protections of this right in the style books and act reluctantly when it comes to publishing the replies, and the public isn´t aware of the significance of the right and remain in a secondary position, in the communication process´ shadow. As a result, the right of reply is a marginal figure, scarcely present in the media and ineffective. This is due to the fact that there is an obsolete legal regulation, an absence of clarity in the self-regulation manuals and an impact of the media routines (urgency, lack of verification, sensationalism, political and economic interests); but also, it is due to the journalist´s arrogance, which leads him to compare a reply with a reprimand.
Until now, the theoretical approach to the right of reply in Spain has been reduced basically to the study of its legal perspective, putting the emphasis on how this figure must be understood taking into consideration both the legal regulation and the Constitutional jurisprudence. Nevertheless, in the field of mass communication this standpoint becomes barely practical since it doesn´t give the opportunity to understand the real consequences and efficacy of this right when the citizen exercises it through the media. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the efficacy of the right of reply in the Spanish press from 1984 —when the law that regulates this right came into force— until 2017, taking its legal limitations and professional ethics as references. In relation to the methodology, we have used quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse the number and features of the replies that have been published in the most important Spanish newspapers (n=1.448). We have also utilised quality opinion surveys (n=47) among different groups of professionals in order to find the reasons that justify the low impact of this right. The results obtained confirm our starting point hypothesis: the number of the replies that are published is limited and the newspapers don´t match the minimum requirements, directors don´t stand up for strengthening the protections of this right in the style books and act reluctantly when it comes to publishing the replies, and the public isn´t aware of the significance of the right and remain in a secondary position, in the communication process´ shadow. As a result, the right of reply is a marginal figure, scarcely present in the media and ineffective. This is due to the fact that there is an obsolete legal regulation, an absence of clarity in the self-regulation manuals and an impact of the media routines (urgency, lack of verification, sensationalism, political and economic interests); but also, it is due to the journalist´s arrogance, which leads him to compare a reply with a reprimand.
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Derecho de rectificación, Prensa, España