Publication: Diseño, construcción y puesta a punto de un biodigestor tubular, Carazo-Nicaragua
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2012-10-31
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2012-10-31
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Abstract
El proyecto que se describe en esta memoria fue realizado en Jinotepe (Nicaragua), entre los meses de Octubre de 2011 y Febrero de 2012. Financiado por la AECID y dentro del acuerdo marco entre la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN), este proyecto se considera un vehículo de transmisión de conocimiento y colaboración entre los estudiantes de ambas Universidades. Tiene dos objetivos principales. El primero de ellos, diseñar, construir y poner en funcionamiento un biodigestor tubular de bolsa; y el segundo, con fines didácticos, dejar constancia de todo el proceso de construcción y generación de biogás, para que los estudiantes de la UNAN-‐FAREM de Carazo, implementen el biodigestor y lo tomen como punto de partida para futuras investigaciones. Un requisito imprescindible, era la construcción del mismo con materiales locales y utilizando, los recursos tanto técnicos como económicos, con los que contaría un estudiante de la UNAN. El propósito era reproducir fielmente las dificultades a las que se enfrentaría un habitante nicaragüense que quisiera utilizar esta tecnología. De este modo, se desarrolló y se puso en funcionamiento un biodigestor con una “tecnología apropiada”, que requiere una baja inversión de capital, con materiales adquiridos en la región, sin complejidad técnica y que el habitante nicaragüense puede reproducir, controlar y mantener, haciéndola parte de su vida cotidiana. Además del proceso constructivo, se llevaron a cabo, diferentes experimentos y toma de datos, en los laboratorios de la UNAN-‐FAREM Carazo y en las inmediaciones del biodigestor, con el objetivo de conseguir la máxima eficiencia en la etapa inicial de producción de gas y de aportar datos empíricos recogidos durante el proceso de digestión. Este documento busca ser un vehículo de información que facilite a los estudiantes de la UNAN la reproducción e implementación de esta tecnología, para que en un futuro, esperemos no muy lejano, los habitantes nicaragüenses se beneficien de ella y resuelvan o al menos mitiguen, problemas como la insalubridad derivada de una gestión ineficiente de los excrementos animales, la tala descontrolada de los bosques, la independencia energética o los problemas respiratorios, que sufren en su mayoría las mujeres, por inhalación de humo procedente de la combustión de la madera para cocinar los alimentos. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This project was carried out in Jinotepe (Nicaragua) from October 2011 to February 2012. It was sponsored by the AECID and included in the agreement signed by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN). It is considered a vehicle to convey knowlegde and a way of collaboration between students from both universities. There are two main goals. The first one regarding to the design, construction and kick off a plastic tubular bag biodigestor and the second one, from a didactic approach, for the students of the UNAN-‐FAREM Carazo, in order to be the first step for future research studies. The biodigestor had to be built with materials from the region and with the same resources that an average student from the UNAN is exposed. The purpose was reproducing in the most realistic way, all the difficulties that the locals had to deal in case they wanted to use this technology, considered an appropiate technology due to the low capital investment, materials from the region, no technical complexity and something easy to copy, control and maintain by the locals, who make it part of their daily life. Apart of the construction process, different experiments and data gathering took place in the laboratories of the university in Carazo and the surroundings of the biodigestor, in order to reach the maximun efficiency during the first stage of the biogas production and to gather empiric data during the process. This document tries to be an information vehicle for the students to make easier the reproduction and implementation of this technology . For being a benefit for the Nicaragua population and to help them to solve or at least mitigate, healthy problems related with the inefficient management of the animal waste, the uncontrolled felling of trees, the energetic sufficiency or respiratory problems suffered mainly by women while cooking because of the smoke from the wooden combustion.
This project was carried out in Jinotepe (Nicaragua) from October 2011 to February 2012. It was sponsored by the AECID and included in the agreement signed by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua (UNAN). It is considered a vehicle to convey knowlegde and a way of collaboration between students from both universities. There are two main goals. The first one regarding to the design, construction and kick off a plastic tubular bag biodigestor and the second one, from a didactic approach, for the students of the UNAN-‐FAREM Carazo, in order to be the first step for future research studies. The biodigestor had to be built with materials from the region and with the same resources that an average student from the UNAN is exposed. The purpose was reproducing in the most realistic way, all the difficulties that the locals had to deal in case they wanted to use this technology, considered an appropiate technology due to the low capital investment, materials from the region, no technical complexity and something easy to copy, control and maintain by the locals, who make it part of their daily life. Apart of the construction process, different experiments and data gathering took place in the laboratories of the university in Carazo and the surroundings of the biodigestor, in order to reach the maximun efficiency during the first stage of the biogas production and to gather empiric data during the process. This document tries to be an information vehicle for the students to make easier the reproduction and implementation of this technology . For being a benefit for the Nicaragua population and to help them to solve or at least mitigate, healthy problems related with the inefficient management of the animal waste, the uncontrolled felling of trees, the energetic sufficiency or respiratory problems suffered mainly by women while cooking because of the smoke from the wooden combustion.
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Tratamiento de residuos, Biodigestor, Biogas, Tecnologías apropiadas, Nicaragua