Cellulose-Based Nanofibers Processing Techniques and Methods Based on Bottom-Up Approach-A Review

Kramar, Ana; González Benito, Francisco Javier

Publication:
Cellulose-Based Nanofibers Processing Techniques and Methods Based on Bottom-Up Approach-A Review

dc.affiliation.dpto	UC3M. Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química	es
dc.affiliation.grupoinv	UC3M. Grupo de Investigación: Materiales compuestos poliméricos e interfases	es
dc.contributor.author	Kramar, Ana
dc.contributor.author	González Benito, Francisco Javier
dc.contributor.funder	European Commission	es
dc.contributor.funder	Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)	es
dc.contributor.funder	Universidad Carlos III de Madrid	es
dc.date.accessioned	2022-06-27T10:21:15Z
dc.date.available	2022-06-27T10:21:15Z
dc.date.issued	2022-01-11
dc.description.abstract	In the past decades, cellulose (one of the most important natural polymers), in the form of nanofibers, has received special attention. The nanofibrous morphology may provide exceptional properties to materials due to the high aspect ratio and dimensions in the nanometer range of the nanofibers. The first feature may lead to important consequences in mechanical behavior if there exists a particular orientation of fibers. On the other hand, nano-sizes provide a high surface-tovolume ratio, which can have important consequences on many properties, such as the wettability. There are two basic approaches for cellulose nanofibers preparation. The top-down approach implies the isolation/extraction of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) from a variety of natural resources, whereby dimensions of isolates are limited by the source of cellulose and extraction procedures. The bottom-up approach can be considered in this context as the production of nanofibers using various spinning techniques, resulting in nonwoven mats or filaments. During the spinning, depending on the method and processing conditions, good control of the resulting nanofibers dimensions and, consequently, the properties of the produced materials, is possible. Pulp, cotton, and already isolated CNFs/CNCs may be used as precursors for spinning, alongside cellulose derivatives, namely esters and ethers. This review focuses on various spinning techniques to produce submicrometric fibers comprised of cellulose and cellulose derivatives. The spinning of cellulose requires the preparation of spinning solutions; therefore, an overview of various solvents is presented showing their influence on spinnability and resulting properties of nanofibers. In addition, it is shown how bottom-up spinning techniques can be used for recycling cellulose waste into new materials with added value. The application of produced cellulose fibers in various fields is also highlighted, ranging from drug delivery systems, high-strength nonwovens and filaments, filtration membranes, to biomedical scaffolds.	en
dc.description.sponsorship	This research was funded by CONEX-Plus program of Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Commission through the Marie-Sklodowska Curie COFUND Action (Grant Agreement No 801538). The authors also appreciate the financial support received from AEI (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain, PID2020-112713RB-C22]; the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid due to Fondos de Investigación of Fco. Javier González Benito [2012/00130/004] and the strategic Action in Multifunctional Nanocomposite Materials [Code: 2011/00287/003].	en
dc.format.extent	35
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation	Kramar, A., & González-Benito, F. J. (2022). Cellulose-Based Nanofibers Processing Techniques and Methods Based on Bottom-Up Approach—A Review. In Polymers, 14(2), 286-321	en
dc.identifier.doi	https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020286
dc.identifier.issn	2073-4360
dc.identifier.publicationfirstpage	286
dc.identifier.publicationissue	2
dc.identifier.publicationlastpage	321
dc.identifier.publicationtitle	Polymers	en
dc.identifier.publicationvolume	14
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/10016/35294
dc.identifier.uxxi	AR/0000029536
dc.language.iso	eng	en
dc.publisher	MDPI AG	en
dc.relation.projectID	info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/COFUND-GA-2017-801538	en
dc.relation.projectID	Internacional. 2019/0075	es
dc.relation.projectID	Gobierno de España. PID2020-112713RB-C22	es
dc.relation.projectID	Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. 2012/00130/004	es
dc.relation.projectID	Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. 2011/00287/003	es
dc.rights	© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	en
dc.rights	Atribución 3.0 España	*
dc.rights.accessRights	open access	en
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/	*
dc.subject.eciencia	Materiales	es
dc.subject.other	Cellulose	en
dc.subject.other	Nanofibers	en
dc.subject.other	Cellulose derivatives	en
dc.subject.other	Spinning techniques	en
dc.title	Cellulose-Based Nanofibers Processing Techniques and Methods Based on Bottom-Up Approach-A Review	en
dc.type	research article	*
dc.type.hasVersion	VoR	*
dspace.entity.type	Publication