Publication: El impacto de la legislación en los contenidos de la televisión: el caso de Ecuador y la Ley Orgánica de Comunicaciones - 2013
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2021-07-15
Defense date
2021-06-25
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Abstract
El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar si influye y cuánto, la Ley Orgánica de Comunicación Ecuatoriana, LOC, en los contenidos de la programación televisiva. La misma que fue creada en el gobierno de Rafael Correa, en junio de 2013, en un intento por mejorar la calidad de los contenidos, tanto en los medios privados, así como públicos; evitar programas con contenido discriminatorio y violento; y, fomentar la calidad de la televisión ecuatoriana mediante la implementación en las parrillas de programación, de un porcentaje de contenidos educativos, informativos y culturales. Así como, incrementar la producción nacional en un 60%.
A lo largo del estudio se devela que este órgano lejos de lograr su cometido de una manera sostenible, también se convirtió en un instrumento de control mediático que sancionó a aquellos que criticaban al régimen de turno, razón por la cual se elimina a la Superintendencia de Comunicación, Supercom.
Para estudiar el cumplimiento de lo estipulado en la LOC y su influencia en la programación de la televisión ecuatoriana, se ha aplicado un análisis de contenido a las parrillas de programación de cuatro canales de la televisión ecuatoriana. Tres de ellos, privados y con mayor porcentaje de rating. El otro canal, de carácter público, con poco nivel de rating, seleccionado precisamente para comparar el apego a la LOC, que tienen los medios privados vs los públicos.
El análisis de contenido se realizó en tres períodos, en principio se analiza las parrillas de los cuatro canales seleccionados para el estudio, en febrero de 2013, antes de aprobarse y entrar en vigor la LOC. En el segundo período se analiza a los mismos canales a los dos años de vigencia de la LOC (febrero 2015), considerando además que el 2014 fue el año que más sanciones a los medios de comunicación se registró. De modo que se parte de la consideración de que para el 2015 los canales de televisión ajustarían su programación para regirse a la LOC. Finalmente, el tercer período del análisis se realiza en marzo de 2019, a seis años de funcionamiento de la LOC y un mes después de su reforma en febrero 2019. Dicha reforma ya se venía proponiendo varios meses atrás, en varias sesiones en donde participaron, entre otras organizaciones, representantes de los medios de comunicación.
Los resultados demuestran que antes de la LOC, los canales tenían un alto porcentaje de programación importada, con programas considerados “enlatados”. Los pocos programas nacionales, construían prejuicios raciales y de género, así como, impulsaban el morbo y realzaban lo burdo. A los dos años de aplicarse la LOC, se encuentra todavía un alto porcentaje de entretenimiento sin mayor aporte a las audiencias. También se visualiza un incremento en la producción nacional, aunque esta no necesariamente responde a parámetros de calidad internacionales ni a los establecidos por la misma LOC. Si bien, en el 2015 se encontró más porcentaje de contenidos informativos, educativos y culturales, la mayor parte de los programas educativos provienen de instituciones gubernamentales.
Finalmente, se observa en el 2019, que los canales privados mantienen un buen porcentaje de programas informativos, pero se reduce la transmisión de contenidos nacionales y hay un descenso de contenidos educativos y culturales. Cabe recalcar que el canal público analizado, es el que más y mejor cumple con lo que estipula la LOC, aunque no cuenta con un significativo nivel de audiencia, además, sus propagandas están orientadas a ensalzar las obras y gestión de las distintas organizaciones gubernamentales. Al recibir financiamiento estatal, resulta obvio y tendencioso el cumplimiento de la LOC por parte de este medio.
En consecuencia, este estudio se proyecta como una crítica a los usos y abusos que se le ha dado a la LOC ecuatoriana desde el poder, así como, a ciertos contenidos de los medios audiovisuales que priorizan sus intereses comerciales por sobre su compromiso social con las audiencias.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze if and how much, the Organic Law of Ecuadorian Communication (LOC), influences the content of television programming. The LOC was created in the government of Rafael Correa, in June 2013, in an attempt for improving the quality of content in both private and public media; avoiding programs with discriminatory and violent content; and promote the quality of Ecuadorian television by implementing a portion of airtime to educational, informative and cultural content on the programming grids, as well as increasing national production by 60%. This study has revealed that this Law, far from achieving its mission in a sustainable way, became an instrument of media control that sanctioned those who criticized the current regime, which is why the Superintendency of Communication, Supercom was eliminated. In order to study compliance with the provisions of the LOC and its influence on Ecuadorian television programming, a content analysis has been applied to the programming grids of four Ecuadorian television channels. Three of them, private and with the highest rating percentage. The other channel, of a public nature, with a low level of rating, selected precisely to compare the public vs private adherence to the LOC. The content analysis was carried out in three periods. In the first periods the grids of the four channels selected for the study were analyzed before the LOC was approved and entered into force (February 2013). In the second period, all four channels are analyzed after two years of validity of the LOC (February 2015), also considering that 2014 was the year that more sanctions to the media were registered. So, this study is based on the assumption that by 2015 television channels would adjust their programming to comply with LOC guidelines. Finally, the third period of the analysis is carried out in March 2019, six years after the LOC has been in operation and one month after its reform in February 2019. Said reform had already been proposed several months before in several sessions with different organizations and media representatives. Results shows that before the LOC, TV channels had a high proportion of imported programming, with programs considered “canned”. The few national programs were built on racial and gender prejudices, as well as promoted the morbid and highlighted the gross. Two years after applying the LOC, there is still a high percentage of entertainment without a major contribution to audiences. An increase in national production is also seen, although this does not necessarily respond to international quality parameters or those established by the LOC itself. Although in 2015 a higher percentage of informative, educational and cultural content was found, most of the educational programs came from government institutions. Finally, it is observed in 2019 that private channels maintain a good percentage of informative programs, but the transmission of national content is reduced and there is a decrease in educational and cultural content. It should be noted that the public channel analyzed is the one that most and best complies with the LOC, although it does not have a significant audience level. In addition, its advertisements are aimed at praising the works and management of the different government organizations. Upon receiving state funding, compliance with the LOC by this media is obvious and biased. Consequently, this study is projected as a criticism of the uses and abuses that have been given to the Ecuadorian LOC from power, as well as to certain contents of the audiovisual media that prioritize their commercial interests over their social commitment to the hearings.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze if and how much, the Organic Law of Ecuadorian Communication (LOC), influences the content of television programming. The LOC was created in the government of Rafael Correa, in June 2013, in an attempt for improving the quality of content in both private and public media; avoiding programs with discriminatory and violent content; and promote the quality of Ecuadorian television by implementing a portion of airtime to educational, informative and cultural content on the programming grids, as well as increasing national production by 60%. This study has revealed that this Law, far from achieving its mission in a sustainable way, became an instrument of media control that sanctioned those who criticized the current regime, which is why the Superintendency of Communication, Supercom was eliminated. In order to study compliance with the provisions of the LOC and its influence on Ecuadorian television programming, a content analysis has been applied to the programming grids of four Ecuadorian television channels. Three of them, private and with the highest rating percentage. The other channel, of a public nature, with a low level of rating, selected precisely to compare the public vs private adherence to the LOC. The content analysis was carried out in three periods. In the first periods the grids of the four channels selected for the study were analyzed before the LOC was approved and entered into force (February 2013). In the second period, all four channels are analyzed after two years of validity of the LOC (February 2015), also considering that 2014 was the year that more sanctions to the media were registered. So, this study is based on the assumption that by 2015 television channels would adjust their programming to comply with LOC guidelines. Finally, the third period of the analysis is carried out in March 2019, six years after the LOC has been in operation and one month after its reform in February 2019. Said reform had already been proposed several months before in several sessions with different organizations and media representatives. Results shows that before the LOC, TV channels had a high proportion of imported programming, with programs considered “canned”. The few national programs were built on racial and gender prejudices, as well as promoted the morbid and highlighted the gross. Two years after applying the LOC, there is still a high percentage of entertainment without a major contribution to audiences. An increase in national production is also seen, although this does not necessarily respond to international quality parameters or those established by the LOC itself. Although in 2015 a higher percentage of informative, educational and cultural content was found, most of the educational programs came from government institutions. Finally, it is observed in 2019 that private channels maintain a good percentage of informative programs, but the transmission of national content is reduced and there is a decrease in educational and cultural content. It should be noted that the public channel analyzed is the one that most and best complies with the LOC, although it does not have a significant audience level. In addition, its advertisements are aimed at praising the works and management of the different government organizations. Upon receiving state funding, compliance with the LOC by this media is obvious and biased. Consequently, this study is projected as a criticism of the uses and abuses that have been given to the Ecuadorian LOC from power, as well as to certain contents of the audiovisual media that prioritize their commercial interests over their social commitment to the hearings.
Description
Mención Internacional en el título de doctor
Keywords
Legislación de la comunicación, Ecuador, Televisión, Calidad de contenidos audiovisuales, Telebasura, Violencia simbólica, Entretenimiento, Información, Educomunicación, Televisión social, Medios de comunicación, Deber ser, Autorregulación, Legislation of communication, Television, Quality of audiovisual content, Trash TV, Symbolic violence, Entertainment, Information, Educommunication, Social television, Media, Should Be, Self-regulation