Zephyrus: An information hiding mechanism leveraging Ethereum data fields

Giménez Aguilar, María del Mar; Fuentes García-Romero de Tejada, José María de; González Manzano, Lorena; Cámara Núñez, María Carmen

Publication:
Zephyrus: An information hiding mechanism leveraging Ethereum data fields

dc.affiliation.dpto	UC3M. Departamento de Informática	es
dc.affiliation.grupoinv	UC3M. Grupo de Investigación: COSEC (Computer SECurity Lab)	es
dc.contributor.author	Giménez Aguilar, María del Mar
dc.contributor.author	Fuentes García-Romero de Tejada, José María de
dc.contributor.author	González Manzano, Lorena
dc.contributor.author	Cámara Núñez, María Carmen
dc.contributor.funder	Comunidad de Madrid	es
dc.contributor.funder	European Commission	en
dc.contributor.funder	Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)	es
dc.contributor.funder	Universidad Carlos III de Madrid	es
dc.date.accessioned	2021-12-03T10:32:23Z
dc.date.available	2021-12-03T10:32:23Z
dc.date.issued	2021-09-01
dc.description.abstract	Permanent availability makes blockchain technologies a suitable alternative for building a covert channel. Previous works have analysed its feasibility in a particular blockchain technology called Bitcoin. However, Ethereum cryptocurrency is gaining momentum as a means to build distributed apps. The novelty of this paper relies on the use of Ethereum to establish a covert channel considering all transaction fields and smart contracts. No previous work has explored this issue. Thus, a mechanism called Zephyrus, an information hiding mechanism based on steganography, is developed. Moreover, its capacity, cost and stealthiness are assessed both theoretically, and empirically through a prototype implementation that is publicly released. Disregarding the time taken to send the transaction to the blockchain, its retrieval and the mining time, experimental results show that, in the best case, 40 Kbits can be embedded in 0.57 s. for US$ 1.64, and retrieved in 2.8 s	en
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation	M. Gimenez-Aguilar, J. M. De Fuentes, L. González-Manzano and C. Camara, "Zephyrus: An Information Hiding Mechanism Leveraging Ethereum Data Fields," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 118553-118570, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3106713.	es
dc.identifier.doi	https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3106713
dc.identifier.issn	2169-3536
dc.identifier.publicationfirstpage	118553
dc.identifier.publicationlastpage	118570
dc.identifier.publicationtitle	IEEE Access	en
dc.identifier.publicationvolume	9
dc.identifier.uri	https://hdl.handle.net/10016/33719
dc.identifier.uxxi	AR/0000028718
dc.language.iso	eng	en
dc.publisher	IEEE	en
dc.relation.projectID	Comunidad de Madrid. S2018/TCS-4566	es
dc.relation.projectID	Gobierno de España. PID2019-111429RB-C21	es
dc.rights	© The Authors, 2021	en
dc.rights	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España
dc.rights.accessRights	open access	en
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/
dc.subject.eciencia	Informática	es
dc.subject.other	etherum	en
dc.subject.other	information hiding	en
dc.subject.other	steganography	en
dc.subject.other	blockchain	en
dc.title	Zephyrus: An information hiding mechanism leveraging Ethereum data fields	en
dc.type	research article	*
dc.type.hasVersion	VoR	*
dspace.entity.type	Publication