Publication: Control de parques eólicos "offshore" conectados a red mediante enlace de continua HVdc-LCC
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2010
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2010-09-14
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Abstract
Los parques eólicos offshore tienen un gran potencial para convertirse en una fuente de energía a gran escala para la producción de electricidad. Los futuros proyectos para parques eólicos offshore tendrán un rango de capacidad instalada de 250MW hasta 1000MW, por lo que han de desarrollarse nuevos conceptos para todo el sistema eléctrico, incluyendo la transmisión dentro del parque, así como hacia la orilla y la integración con la red eléctrica. Sin embargo, los costes de inversión para implementar los parques eólicos offshore son muy elevados en comparación con las instalaciones que se podrían realizar en tierra. El sistema de transmisión hacia la costa implica casi el 30% de la inversión total de los parques eólicos offshore. Por lo tanto, su adecuado diseño es un factor muy importante que debe ser considerado. A medida que las distancias a la orilla se incrementan, también se incrementan los costes de los cables en corriente alterna (c.a.), volviéndose prohibitivos al superar ciertas distancias. Los cables c.a. de gran longitud producen grandes cantidades de potencia reactiva capacitiva y, por lo tanto, disminuyen la capacidad de transmisión. Dado su bajo coste, su sencillo diseño, su simple forma de operar y su bajo impacto en la red receptora, la interconexión mediante sistemas de transmisión HVdc puede ofrecer en estas aplicaciones algunas ventajas cuando se compara con las conexiones HVac. En respuesta a los citados retos, esta Tesis se presenta como una aportación original en la gestión, operación y control de un parque eólico offshore basado en aerogeneradores con generadores asíncronos doblemente alimentados (GADA) y conectados a la orilla por un sistema de transmisión de corriente continua a alta tensión HVdc conmutado por red (LCC). Se han desarrollado técnicas de control que permiten al aerogenerador, con GADA, coordinar su operación con el enlace HVdc-LCC. De igual forma, se ha analizado la gestión de potencia reactiva del sistema GADA-HVdc, todo lo cual se aborda como un problema de optimización.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Offshore wind farms have a great potential to become a large-scale source of energy for the production of electricity. Future project offshore wind farms will have an installed capacity range between 250MW and 1000MW and therefore new concepts must be developed for the entire electrical system, including both transmission within the park as well as to shore, and grid integration. However, the investment costs involved in offshore wind farms are very high when compared with those of onshore installations. The transmission system to shore entails nearly 30% of the overall investment of offshore wind farms and, consequently, its adequate design is an important factor to be considered. As the distances to shore increase, so do the costs of the alternating current (ac) power cables, which become prohibitive beyond certain distance. Long ac cables produce large amounts of capacitive reactive power, and therefore reduce the transmission capacity. In these applications, interconnection by means of high voltage dc (HVdc) transmission systems may offer some advantages when compared with high voltage ac (HVac) connections, due to their lower costs, plain design, simple operation procedures and low impact on the receiving power grid. As an answer to the mentioned challenges, this Thesis presents an original contribution for the management, operation and control of an offshore wind farms working with wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technologies, and with a line commutated converter high voltage dc (LCC-HVdc) transmission connection to the grid. Control techniques have been developed that allow the wind turbines based on DFIG, to coordinate its operation with the LCC-HVdc link. In the same way, the reactive power management of the DFIG-HVdc systems has been analyzed and dealt with as an optimization problem.
Offshore wind farms have a great potential to become a large-scale source of energy for the production of electricity. Future project offshore wind farms will have an installed capacity range between 250MW and 1000MW and therefore new concepts must be developed for the entire electrical system, including both transmission within the park as well as to shore, and grid integration. However, the investment costs involved in offshore wind farms are very high when compared with those of onshore installations. The transmission system to shore entails nearly 30% of the overall investment of offshore wind farms and, consequently, its adequate design is an important factor to be considered. As the distances to shore increase, so do the costs of the alternating current (ac) power cables, which become prohibitive beyond certain distance. Long ac cables produce large amounts of capacitive reactive power, and therefore reduce the transmission capacity. In these applications, interconnection by means of high voltage dc (HVdc) transmission systems may offer some advantages when compared with high voltage ac (HVac) connections, due to their lower costs, plain design, simple operation procedures and low impact on the receiving power grid. As an answer to the mentioned challenges, this Thesis presents an original contribution for the management, operation and control of an offshore wind farms working with wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technologies, and with a line commutated converter high voltage dc (LCC-HVdc) transmission connection to the grid. Control techniques have been developed that allow the wind turbines based on DFIG, to coordinate its operation with the LCC-HVdc link. In the same way, the reactive power management of the DFIG-HVdc systems has been analyzed and dealt with as an optimization problem.
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Keywords
Parques eólicos offshore, Producción de electricidad, Generadores asíncronos doblemente alimentados, GADA, Enlace HVdc-LCC