Publication: Tecnologías de acumulación de energía para su uso en la compañía eléctrica : baterías de sodio-azufre
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2009-02
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2009
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Abstract
Cada vez tiene más aceptación el hecho de que el sector energético en general, y el eléctrico en particular, debe comenzar a enfrentar grandes retos en el medio y largo plazo relacionados no sólo con el futuro agotamiento de los recursos fósiles, también con el auge que presentan las energías renovables y con la nueva concepción de las redes de transporte y energía eléctrica. La componente de acumulación dentro del sistema eléctrico es, tanto a escala nacional como global, de muy pequeña importancia y, sin embargo, es uno de los talones de Aquiles de dicho sistema. La temática de este proyecto se centra, primeramente, en aportar una visión global del papel a jugar por la acumulación en el sector eléctrico, qué clase de aplicaciones pueden obtenerse y cuál es el rol del almacenamiento de energía en la integración de las energías renovables. En una segunda parte se realiza una descripción del estado del arte de la tecnología de acumulación de baterías de sodio-azufre ya que es una tecnologías que presenta características favorables para su uso estacionario en el escenario de la empresa eléctrica (buena capacidad de almacenamiento, elevada densidad energética y potencia especifica buen rendimiento...) En la parte final del texto se ofrece un análisis a escala nacional sobre la viabilidad de aplicación de las tecnologías de acumulación en técnicas de afeitado de pico. Asimismo se realiza un análisis de viabilidad técnico-económica de la instalación de baterías de sodio-azufre, a nivel de subestación, como solución tecnológica para afeitado de picos de potencia y retraso en la inversión en activos de repotenciación. Como colofón, se desarrolla un modelo que permite evaluar el coste añadido por las baterías al kilovatiohora servido. Conjuntamente al texto, se han desarrollado diversas herramientas en Ms Excel, que permiten el análisis de curvas de demanda nacional y el potencial de acumulación de diversas estrategias de acumulación que se han considerado. De igual manera se ha implementado el modelo citado en el párrafo anterior para cálculo del coste que añade el uso de las tecnologías de acumulación al kilovatiohora eléctrico. La última de las herramientas desarrolladas es modelo económico de la instalación de baterías NaS a nivel de subestación que implementa una previsión sobre los beneficios, en términos económicos, obtenibles de dicha instalación. Como principales conclusiones se destaca el creciente interés que comienzan a tener, en el seno de los departamentos de I+D de las principales compañías eléctricas nacionales e internacionales, en este tipo de tecnologías y su uso dentro de sus actividades. Igualmente destacar la existencia de alternativas tecnológicas novedosas que comienzan a dar resultados técnicos aceptables como las baterías de sodioazufre, pero también otras tecnologías que, si bien consultadas, no están desarrolladas en el texto como baterías de recombinación, volantes de inercia... Si bien, desde una perspectiva económica los resultados muestran que, a día de hoy, se trata de alternativas de elevado coste, justificables económicamente en ciertos nichos de aplicación, o bajo modelos económicos más sofisticados y que tengan en cuenta los beneficios aportados por el uso de ésta tecnología para los múltiples beneficiarios potenciales. Pero, en definitiva, a pesar de la provechosa actuación que pudiera jugar una elevada componente de acumulación inmersa en el contexto eléctrico no se debe pensar que se trata de la solución a los importantes contratiempos a los que se enfrenta el sector sino que debiera ser vista como una gran ayuda para dirigirse hacia la cultura, cada vez más presente, del 'desarrollo sostenible'. _______________________________________________________________
It is increasingly accepted that the energy sector in general, and the electricity one in particular, must begin to face major challenges in the medium and long term: the future depletion of the fossil resources, the boom of renewable energy and also the new conception of the transmission and distribution networks, based on a better assets usage and intelligence issues. The storage component within electric power industry, both at national- and global-scale, has a very low importance. However storage is considered as the Achilles Heel of the electricity. The subject of this dissertation focuses primarily on providing an overview of the role played by the storage in the power electric context, what kind of applications are available and what is the potential of energy storage in the integration of renewables energy. In a second part (Chapter 2, 3) of the text, a description of the state-of-the-art of the sodium-sulfur battery energy storage technology as a major option that are considered in the setting of the electric utility is presented. Such technologies are already commercially available and appear to be usable in the electric utilities. At the end of the text an analysis that concerns a feasibility of implementing energy storage systems in peak-shaving techniques at national scale is províded. Also, a technical and economical feasibility study of installing sodium-sulfur batteries, at substation level, as a technological solution for load-levelling and transmission and distribution capital deferral is carried out. Finally, a model which allows the assessment of the cost added to a kilowatt-hour by energy storage is developed. In addition to the text production, various spreadsheet tools have been developed in Ms Excel platform, allowing the analysis of national load demand curve and the potential of the different accumulation strategies that have been considered. Similarly, the model has been implemented to assess the cost added, to a kilowatt-hour, by the use of the storage. The last tool which has been developed is the economic mode! for the installation of sodium-sulphur battery at the substation level. This model involves a net present value calculation for different alternatives and a forecast, in economic terms, of the benefits obtained from the battery facility. As main findings it is highlighted the growing interest within the R&D departments of the major national and international electric utilities in such technology and its use within their field of activity. Also mentioning the existence of new technological alternatives that are beginning to yield technical acceptable results: sodium-sulfur batteries (but also flow batteries, flywheels...) While, from an economic perspective, the presently results show that alternatives have high costs, which do not make economically feasible, except in certaín fiches of applications. Probably the situation would change if more sophisticated models, that take into account the multiple benefits for the múltiple beneficiarles, were developed. But, ultimately, despite the beneficia! action that could play a high energy storage component embedded in the power electric system, it should not be taken as the solution to the important setbacks faced by the electric sector but should be seen as a great help towards the next generation of what is known as 'sustainable development'. Eduardo Gil
It is increasingly accepted that the energy sector in general, and the electricity one in particular, must begin to face major challenges in the medium and long term: the future depletion of the fossil resources, the boom of renewable energy and also the new conception of the transmission and distribution networks, based on a better assets usage and intelligence issues. The storage component within electric power industry, both at national- and global-scale, has a very low importance. However storage is considered as the Achilles Heel of the electricity. The subject of this dissertation focuses primarily on providing an overview of the role played by the storage in the power electric context, what kind of applications are available and what is the potential of energy storage in the integration of renewables energy. In a second part (Chapter 2, 3) of the text, a description of the state-of-the-art of the sodium-sulfur battery energy storage technology as a major option that are considered in the setting of the electric utility is presented. Such technologies are already commercially available and appear to be usable in the electric utilities. At the end of the text an analysis that concerns a feasibility of implementing energy storage systems in peak-shaving techniques at national scale is províded. Also, a technical and economical feasibility study of installing sodium-sulfur batteries, at substation level, as a technological solution for load-levelling and transmission and distribution capital deferral is carried out. Finally, a model which allows the assessment of the cost added to a kilowatt-hour by energy storage is developed. In addition to the text production, various spreadsheet tools have been developed in Ms Excel platform, allowing the analysis of national load demand curve and the potential of the different accumulation strategies that have been considered. Similarly, the model has been implemented to assess the cost added, to a kilowatt-hour, by the use of the storage. The last tool which has been developed is the economic mode! for the installation of sodium-sulphur battery at the substation level. This model involves a net present value calculation for different alternatives and a forecast, in economic terms, of the benefits obtained from the battery facility. As main findings it is highlighted the growing interest within the R&D departments of the major national and international electric utilities in such technology and its use within their field of activity. Also mentioning the existence of new technological alternatives that are beginning to yield technical acceptable results: sodium-sulfur batteries (but also flow batteries, flywheels...) While, from an economic perspective, the presently results show that alternatives have high costs, which do not make economically feasible, except in certaín fiches of applications. Probably the situation would change if more sophisticated models, that take into account the multiple benefits for the múltiple beneficiarles, were developed. But, ultimately, despite the beneficia! action that could play a high energy storage component embedded in the power electric system, it should not be taken as the solution to the important setbacks faced by the electric sector but should be seen as a great help towards the next generation of what is known as 'sustainable development'. Eduardo Gil
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Keywords
Sistemas eléctricos, Almacenamiento de energía, Baterías eléctricas, Baterías de sodio-azufre, Tecnologías de acumulación de energía