Publication: Estudio y modelado de la respuesta dinámica de baterías electroquímicas destinadas a las aplicaciones estacionarias
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2015-11
Defense date
2015-11-20
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Abstract
Los sistemas de acumulación energética ofrecen dar solución a múltiples problemas en
importantes sectores de la sociedad. En los últimos años ha ido aumentando el número de diferentes oportunidades de aplicación y de servicio que son capaces de proporcionar
en las redes eléctricas. Esto se ha visto favorecido por el aumento del porcentaje de
energías renovables en el mix eléctrico, ya que mediante la acumulación energética se
facilita su integración ante los problemas de su no gestionabilidad. Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de las aplicaciones estacionarias ofrecidas por los sistemas de acumulación. Tras intentar identificar todas las posibilidades se profundiza en el estudio de aquellas que se consideran más importantes en la actualidad o con una perspectiva de desarrollo a corto plazo. Una vez examinados los principales algoritmos para las aplicaciones seleccionadas, se implementan para el análisis de sus respuestas. Existen diversos tipos de sistemas de acumulación capaces de cubrir las especificaciones de las aplicaciones estudiadas. Hoy en día, las baterías electroquímicas son las candidatas más extendidas para brindar tales servicios a las redes eléctricas. Se ha considerado imprescindible estudiar los principales parámetros que definen su comportamiento, así como las herramientas de modelado que permiten su simulación y su uso dentro de sistemas más complejos. Se ha hecho hincapié en los parámetros más influyentes de las baterías basadas en electrodos de plomo, níquel y litio. Se ha profundizado en aquellos que son determinantes para las de níquel−cadmio, la tecnología que compone la bancada usada para la implementación de los algoritmos de las aplicaciones estudiadas. Reflejo de ésto es que uno de los efectos más estudiados es el de la histéresis, que es un parámetro significativamente más influyente en las baterías de níquel−cadmio que en el resto de las tecnologías tratadas. Los ensayos de caracterización y de evaluación de los modelos se han llevado a cabo en un banco de ensayos diseñado para tal labor. Los algoritmos de las aplicaciones estacionarias estudiadas se han implementado en tiempo real en otro banco de ensayos del laboratorio. Sus resultados confirman la validez de los propios algoritmos, así como de las herramientas de modelado. Estas herramientas han permitido inicialmente el diseño de los algoritmos en un ámbito de simulación y posteriormente, en su implementación, la obtención de los parámetros de las baterías necesarios tanto para el algoritmo global que define el nivel superior de control como para los algoritmos de seguridad del sistema y de la propia batería.
Energy storage systems offer a solution to multiple problems in important sectors of the society. Over the past few years, the number of different oportunities of application and services which they are able to provide to the electrical grid has increased. This has been favoured by the increased percentage of renewable energies in the electric mix, considering that energy storage improves its integration regarding its no manageability. This thesis is centered on the study of stationary applications offered by energy storage systems. After trying to identify all the possibilities, it is delved into the study of those which are considered more important nowadays or with a perspective of development in the short term. Once the main algorithms are examined for the selected applications, they are implemented for the analysis of their responses. There are various types of energy storage able to cover the specifications of the studied applications. Nowadays, the electrochemical batteries are the most extended candidates to give those services to the electrical grid. It was considered indispensable to study the main parameters that define their behaviour, such as the modelling tools which allow their simulation and their use within the most complex systems. The most influential battery parameters based on electrodes of lead, nickel and lithium have been emphasized. Those which are determining parameters for the nickel−cadmium batteries were studied in depth, as this is the technology used in our laboratory experiments. As a consequence, one of the most studied effects is the effect of hysteresis, which is a parameter significantly more influential in nickel−cadmium batteries than in the rest of the dealt techonologies. The tests of the characterization and evaluation model have been developed in a test bench designed for this work. The studied algorithms for the stationary applications have been implemented in another real−time laboratory test bench. The results confirm the validity of the algorithms and the modelling tools. These tools have initially allowed the design of algorithms in a simulation environment and afterwards, during their implementation, the estimation of the required battery parametres. These parameters are necessary for the global algorithm, which defines the higher control level, as well as for the security algorithms of both the system and the battery.
Energy storage systems offer a solution to multiple problems in important sectors of the society. Over the past few years, the number of different oportunities of application and services which they are able to provide to the electrical grid has increased. This has been favoured by the increased percentage of renewable energies in the electric mix, considering that energy storage improves its integration regarding its no manageability. This thesis is centered on the study of stationary applications offered by energy storage systems. After trying to identify all the possibilities, it is delved into the study of those which are considered more important nowadays or with a perspective of development in the short term. Once the main algorithms are examined for the selected applications, they are implemented for the analysis of their responses. There are various types of energy storage able to cover the specifications of the studied applications. Nowadays, the electrochemical batteries are the most extended candidates to give those services to the electrical grid. It was considered indispensable to study the main parameters that define their behaviour, such as the modelling tools which allow their simulation and their use within the most complex systems. The most influential battery parameters based on electrodes of lead, nickel and lithium have been emphasized. Those which are determining parameters for the nickel−cadmium batteries were studied in depth, as this is the technology used in our laboratory experiments. As a consequence, one of the most studied effects is the effect of hysteresis, which is a parameter significantly more influential in nickel−cadmium batteries than in the rest of the dealt techonologies. The tests of the characterization and evaluation model have been developed in a test bench designed for this work. The studied algorithms for the stationary applications have been implemented in another real−time laboratory test bench. The results confirm the validity of the algorithms and the modelling tools. These tools have initially allowed the design of algorithms in a simulation environment and afterwards, during their implementation, the estimation of the required battery parametres. These parameters are necessary for the global algorithm, which defines the higher control level, as well as for the security algorithms of both the system and the battery.
Description
Mención Internacional en el título de doctor
Keywords
Acumulación energética, Baterías electroquímicas, Aplicaciones estacionarias