Publication: Estado actual del sector cemento en España : valorización energética y mercado de CO2 como elemento de financiación
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2013-07
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2013-07-30
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Abstract
El sector del cemento en España pasa por uno de los peores momentos en su historia. Tras casi una década de crecimiento ligada al apogeo de la construcción y la obra pública, el sector se encuentra actualmente sumido en una grave crisis: el consumo de cemento continúa cayendo, la obra pública está prácticamente congelada, no hay salida en el mercado para más de un millón de viviendas… Además, todos estos factores han llevado a la destrucción de muchos puestos de trabajo y a la disminución del volumen de negocio en el sector.
Tras esta breve introducción, no se trata de realizar un proyecto sobre diseño o dimensionado de las instalaciones de una planta de producción cualquiera. A nuestro modo de ver, en la situación de coyuntura actual, el interés primario no está ahí. Por eso, la pretensión principal es focalizar en los aspectos que en estos años se han realizado de forma errónea, realizando una crítica constructiva y argumentando una estrategia válida para el futuro del sector.
Así pues, en el segundo capítulo, se analiza y se discute sobre la Guía de las Mejores Técnicas Disponibles de fabricación de cemento en España, concretamente en lo que respecta al apartado dedicado a los procesos. Es un documento de prestigio, pero existen aspectos muy importantes que no se tratan en el mismo. Tras el estudio, llegado el caso, se proponen soluciones y alternativas no tenidas en cuenta hasta el momento.
Tras esto, se desprende que la valorización energética es una de las alternativas con mejores perspectivas en cuanto a crecimiento y diferenciación en el sector para abordar su futuro. La estructura del capítulo se fundamenta en la estrategia para poder llevar a cabo la valorización de residuos de la mejor manera posible: disminuyendo las emisiones de agentes contaminantes, especialmente dióxido de carbono, y minimizando la dependencia energética.
Finalmente, de todo lo narrado, destaca un denominador común: hay que conseguir mejores ratios de eficiencia y estructurar acciones en torno a la sostenibilidad, todo ello bajo la puesta en marcha de una reingeniería de procesos. Sin embargo, en la crisis actual, es muy difícil llevar a cabo dichos cometidos. De este modo, en el siguiente capítulo se analiza el comercio de derechos de emisión de CO2, concretamente su incidencia en el sector del cemento. Se obtendrán conclusiones sobre las oportunidades perdidas hasta el momento, así como la estrategia a seguir en años venideros. Se pretende discutir sobre su validez como elemento de financiación, así como identificar los aspectos positivos y negativos. Mencionando aspectos de financiación, es muy importante considerar el impacto de las renovables y del sector eléctrico en la industria del cemento, con especial énfasis en el déficit de tarifa.
Por tanto, se trata de desarrollar una estrategia de futuro para el sector, en este caso apoyada básicamente en la mejora continua, en la valorización energética y en el aprovechamiento del comercio de derechos de emisión para financiar los requerimientos tecnológicos necesarios.
The cement sector in Spain is going through one of the worst times in its history. After nearly a decade of growth linked to the height of the building trade, it is on crisis: cement consumption continues falling, civil engineering is virtually frozen, it is really difficult to sell more of a million houses ... Also, all these factors have led to the destruction of many jobs and the reduction of turnover in the sector. After this brief, we have to say that it is not a project about design or sizing any production plant. In our view, in the current situation, this is not interesting. Therefore, the main aim is to focus on those issues that in recent years have been made in the wrong way, making a constructive criticism, and arguing the sector's future strategy. Thus, in the second chapter, we analyzed and discussed about the Best Available Techniques in cement manufacturing in Spain, specifically the section about processes. It is a prestigious guide, a well-known document, but there are important things not covered in it. After the study, if necessary, we propose solutions and alternatives that are not consider in the document. After this, energy recovery appears as one of the alternatives with better prospects for growth and differentiation in the sector. The structure of the chapter is based on the strategy to carry out the recovery of material in the best way possible: by reducing emissions of pollutants, especially carbon dioxide, and minimizing the energy dependence. Finally, throughout the narrative, it is highlighted a common denominator: we must get better efficiency ratios and structure activities around sustainability, all under the implementation of re-engineering. However, in the current crisis, it is very difficult to carry out these tasks. Thus, in the following chapter we study the trade in CO2 emission rights, particularly their impact on the cement sector. We focus on conclusions about the lost opportunities to date, and the strategy to follow in coming years. In addition, it is interesting to discuss about the benefits and damages that has this mechanism. It is important to consider the impact of renewable electricity in the cement industry, with special emphasis on the rate deficit. Therefore, this project consists on generating a future strategy for the sector, in this case basically supported on a continuous improvement in energy recovery and the use of emissions trading to get the requirements.
The cement sector in Spain is going through one of the worst times in its history. After nearly a decade of growth linked to the height of the building trade, it is on crisis: cement consumption continues falling, civil engineering is virtually frozen, it is really difficult to sell more of a million houses ... Also, all these factors have led to the destruction of many jobs and the reduction of turnover in the sector. After this brief, we have to say that it is not a project about design or sizing any production plant. In our view, in the current situation, this is not interesting. Therefore, the main aim is to focus on those issues that in recent years have been made in the wrong way, making a constructive criticism, and arguing the sector's future strategy. Thus, in the second chapter, we analyzed and discussed about the Best Available Techniques in cement manufacturing in Spain, specifically the section about processes. It is a prestigious guide, a well-known document, but there are important things not covered in it. After the study, if necessary, we propose solutions and alternatives that are not consider in the document. After this, energy recovery appears as one of the alternatives with better prospects for growth and differentiation in the sector. The structure of the chapter is based on the strategy to carry out the recovery of material in the best way possible: by reducing emissions of pollutants, especially carbon dioxide, and minimizing the energy dependence. Finally, throughout the narrative, it is highlighted a common denominator: we must get better efficiency ratios and structure activities around sustainability, all under the implementation of re-engineering. However, in the current crisis, it is very difficult to carry out these tasks. Thus, in the following chapter we study the trade in CO2 emission rights, particularly their impact on the cement sector. We focus on conclusions about the lost opportunities to date, and the strategy to follow in coming years. In addition, it is interesting to discuss about the benefits and damages that has this mechanism. It is important to consider the impact of renewable electricity in the cement industry, with special emphasis on the rate deficit. Therefore, this project consists on generating a future strategy for the sector, in this case basically supported on a continuous improvement in energy recovery and the use of emissions trading to get the requirements.
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Keywords
Cemento, Sector cementero, Gestión de residuos, Reducción de emisiones