Publication: Análisis del balance neto fotovoltaico
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2012-07
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2012-07-25
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Abstract
El presente documento tiene como objeto principal llevar a cabo un análisis del autoconsumo fotovoltaico a través del balance neto, así como de la normativa que lo regula. En el desarrollo de este estudio se analizarán los objetivos que pretende la nueva ley, que será previsiblemente aprobada en pocos meses en nuestro país. Además, se recogerán los beneficios e inconvenientes que conlleva, los mecanismos y el equipamiento técnico necesarios para su implantación y el potencial impacto de este cambio regulador en el suministro de energía eléctrica. Además, se estudiarán los distintos modelos de generación de energía: el centralizado y el distribuido o embebido en el que se basa el autoconsumo, reflejando su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. Se introducirá el concepto de autoconsumo y se explicará en qué consiste y los cambios que conlleva para el modelo actual. No se puede evaluar el impacto de una medida sin ser conocedores del contexto en el que se produce. Por ello, se hará un breve recorrido por la historia reciente de las energías renovables en nuestro país y su contribución al sector de la electricidad, especialmente en el caso de la energía solar fotovoltaica. Se pondrá especial atención en los recientes cambios normativos; desde el Real Decreto-ley 1/2012, por el que se suprimen los incentivos económicos de nuevas instalaciones de energía a través de fuentes de energías renovables, hasta el actual borrador de Real Decreto de Balance Neto que nos ocupa. El tema aquí tratado es de candente actualidad, en el que muchos de los ámbitos a estudiar son cuestión de debate en este momento. Por ese mismo motivo, quedará recogido en el proyecto cómo es tratado el concepto del balance neto en la Unión Europea, particularizándolo en países de nuestro entorno, así como en otros lugares del planeta donde este sistema está más implantado, como es el caso de Estados Unidos. Una vez estudiado el marco general en el que se sitúa la nueva normativa y en qué consiste la misma, se procederá a realizar un ejemplo práctico donde se particularizará la norma en una situación concreta y se hará un estudio económico para analizar hasta qué punto resultará rentable este nuevo procedimiento. Por último, el objetivo final del proyecto es obtener una serie de conclusiones derivadas del estudio anterior, en las que quede claro el concepto del balance neto y todos los factores que influyen en su aplicación en España. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This paper will try to carry out the analysis of the photovoltaic self-consumption through the net metering, together with the existing regulations. In order to develop this study, it will be analysed the aims that this law expects, which will be passed in few months in our country. Also, it will be taken into account its benefits and drawbacks, the mechanisms and the technical equipment demanded, and the predictable impact of this regulatory change in the current power supply model. Furthermore, it will be also studied the various models of power generation: the centralized and the distributed one, and their evolution throughout the time. The concept of self-consumption, which is based in this last system, will be explained, analyzing the changes that involves. It is very difficult to evaluate the impact of a measure without being familiar with the context in which it takes place. That is why it will be seen the recent history of renewable sources in Spain, and their contribution to the electric sector, specifically the case of the photovoltaic solar energy. Thus, this paper will focus in the recent legal changes; from the “Real Decreto-ley 1/2012”, which entails the abolition of feed-in tariffs (FiT) for the new renewable systems, to the current bill of net metering under consideration. This matter is a highly topical subject in this moment. For that reason, it will be treated in this project how net metering is tackled in the European Union, particularizing in our nearest countries, and in other places where this system is more developed, like in United States of America. Once the general framework of the new law and its characteristics are studied, it will be executed a practical example, analyzing how the law would behave in a concrete situation. It will be studied the profitability of this new procedure. Finally, as ultimate aim, this project tries that the reader draws clear conclusions about self-consumption and net metering, and all the factors which have an influence on its implementation in Spain.
This paper will try to carry out the analysis of the photovoltaic self-consumption through the net metering, together with the existing regulations. In order to develop this study, it will be analysed the aims that this law expects, which will be passed in few months in our country. Also, it will be taken into account its benefits and drawbacks, the mechanisms and the technical equipment demanded, and the predictable impact of this regulatory change in the current power supply model. Furthermore, it will be also studied the various models of power generation: the centralized and the distributed one, and their evolution throughout the time. The concept of self-consumption, which is based in this last system, will be explained, analyzing the changes that involves. It is very difficult to evaluate the impact of a measure without being familiar with the context in which it takes place. That is why it will be seen the recent history of renewable sources in Spain, and their contribution to the electric sector, specifically the case of the photovoltaic solar energy. Thus, this paper will focus in the recent legal changes; from the “Real Decreto-ley 1/2012”, which entails the abolition of feed-in tariffs (FiT) for the new renewable systems, to the current bill of net metering under consideration. This matter is a highly topical subject in this moment. For that reason, it will be treated in this project how net metering is tackled in the European Union, particularizing in our nearest countries, and in other places where this system is more developed, like in United States of America. Once the general framework of the new law and its characteristics are studied, it will be executed a practical example, analyzing how the law would behave in a concrete situation. It will be studied the profitability of this new procedure. Finally, as ultimate aim, this project tries that the reader draws clear conclusions about self-consumption and net metering, and all the factors which have an influence on its implementation in Spain.
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Keywords
Energía eléctrica, Energía solar, Autoconsumo fotovoltaico, Sistemas fotovoltaicos, Política energética