García-Martín, RaúlSanchez-Reillo, Raul2021-12-202021-12-202021-07-08Garcia-Martin, R. & Sanchez-Reillo, R. (2021). Deep Learning for Vein Biometric Recognition on a Smartphone. IEEE Access, 9, 98812–98832.2169-3536https://hdl.handle.net/10016/33798The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has pointed out, even more, the important need for hygiene contactless biometric recognition systems. Vein-based devices are great non-contact options although they have not been entirely well-integrated in daily life. In this work, in an attempt to contribute to the research and development of these devices, a contactless wrist vein recognition system with a real-life application is revealed. A Transfer Learning (TL) method, based on different Deep Convolutional Neural Networks architectures, for Vascular Biometric Recognition (VBR), has been designed and tested, for the first time in a research approach, on a smartphone. TL is a Deep Learning (DL) technique that could be divided into networks as feature extractor, i.e., using a pre-trained (different large-scale dataset) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to obtain unique features that then, are classified with a traditional Machine Learning algorithm, and fine-tuning, i.e., training a CNN that has been initialized with weights of a pre-trained (different large-scale dataset) CNN. In this study, a feature extractor base method has been employed. Several architecture networks have been tested on different wrist vein datasets: UC3M-CV1, UC3M-CV2, and PUT. The DL model has been integrated on the Xiaomi© Pocophone F1 and the Xiaomi© Mi 8 smartphones obtaining high biometric performance, up to 98% of accuracy and less than 0.4% of EER with a 50–50% train-test on UC3M-CV2, and fast identification/verification time, less than 300 milliseconds. The results infer, high DL performance and integration reachable in VBR without direct user-device contact, for real-life applications nowadays.21eng© The Author(s) 2021. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.Atribución 3.0 EspañaVein biometric recognitionSmartphoneDeep learningConvolutional neural network (CNN)Machine learningTransfer learningArtificial intelligenceContactless wrist vascular databaseNeural network as feature extractorBiometrics on mobile devicesresearch articleElectrónicahttps://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3095666open access9881298832IEEE Access9AR/0000028863