RT Journal Article T1 Enhancing Web Applications Observability through Instrumented Automated Browsers A1 García Gutiérrez, Boni A1 Ricca, Filippo A1 Alamo, Jose M. Del A1 Leotta, Maurizio AB In software engineering, observability is the ability to determine the current state of a software system based on its external outputs or signals such as metrics, logs, or traces. Web engineers rely on the web browser console as the primary tool to monitor the client-side of web applications during end-to-end tests. However, this is a manual and time-consuming task due to the different browsers available. This paper presents BrowserWatcher, an open-source browser extension providing cross-browser capabilities to observe web applications and automatically gather browser console logs in different browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, or Edge). We have leveraged this extension to conduct an empirical study analyzing the browser console of the top-50 public websites manually and automatically. The results show that BrowserWatcher gathers all the well-known log categories such as console or error traces. It also reveals that each web browser additionally includes other types of logs, which differ among browsers, thus providing distinct pieces of information for the same website. PB Elsevier SN 0164-1212 YR 2023 FD 2023-09 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10016/37485 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10016/37485 LA eng NO This work was partially supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain (10.13039/501100011033) through the H2O Learn project under Grant PID2020-112584RB-C31, in part by the Madrid Regional Government through the e-Madrid-CM Project, Spain under Grant S2018/TCS-4307, and in part supported by the Comunidad de Madrid and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain through the V-PRICIT Research Programme Apoyo a la realización de Proyectos de I+D para jóvenes investigadores UPM-CAM, under Grant APOYOJOVENES-QINIM8-72-PKGQ0J. Funding for Article Processing Charge (APC): Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Read & Publish Agreement CRUE-CSIC 2023). DS e-Archivo RD 1 sept. 2024