RT Journal Article T1 Strong shareholders, weak outside investors A1 Gutiérrez, María A1 Sáez Lacave, María Isabel A1 Gutierrez Calderon, Maria Isabel AB We consider the corporate governance challenge of protecting outside investors in listed, controlled firms. We argue that outside investors in European listed firms with controlling shareholders are poorly protected compared to US investors because the distinct European approach to the protection of investors, based on empowering active shareholders rather than shielding passive investors, is not well suited for controlled, listed firms. This approach translates into a lack of definition and development of specific fiduciary duties of the controlling shareholders towards market investors. Moreover, European jurisdictions have developed strong voice rights for active shareholders, which tend to play in favour of controlling shareholders and organised minorities but are not effective for protecting passive investors and limit their exit options. This explains why shareholder protection in European jurisdictions can be considered high, while outside investors’ protection can be considered low at the same time, generating a ‘strong shareholders, weak outside investors’ problem. PB Taylor & Francis SN 1473-5970 YR 2018 FD 2018-02-02 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10016/35477 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10016/35477 LA eng NO María Gutiérrez acknowledges financial support from FEDER [UNC315-EE-3636], MINECO/FEDER [ECO2015-68715-R] and MINECO [ECO2012-36559]. Maribel Sáez Lacave acknowledges financial support from MINECO [DER 2014-55416-P]. DS e-Archivo RD 1 sept. 2024