Citation:
Poncela, P., Ruiz, E., & Miranda, K. (2021). Factor extraction using Kalman filter and smoothing: This is not just another survey. En International Journal of Forecasting, 37 (4), pp. 1399-1425.
xmlui.dri2xhtml.METS-1.0.item-contributor-funder:
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Sponsor:
Financial support from the Spanish Government Project PID2019-108079GB-C22/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (MINECO/FEDER) is gratefully acknowledged by Pilar Poncela. Esther Ruiz and Karen Miranda
acknowledge financial support from project PID2019-108079GB-C21
(MINECO/FEDER).
Project:
Gobierno de España. PID2019-108079GB-C21
Keywords:
Dynamic factor model
,
Expectation maximization algorithm
,
Identification
,
Macroeconomic forecasting
,
State-space model
Dynamic factor models have been the main ‘‘big data’’ tool used by empirical macroeconomists
during the last 30 years. In this context, Kalman filter and smoothing (KFS)
procedures can cope with missing data, mixed frequency data, time-varying parameters,
nDynamic factor models have been the main ‘‘big data’’ tool used by empirical macroeconomists
during the last 30 years. In this context, Kalman filter and smoothing (KFS)
procedures can cope with missing data, mixed frequency data, time-varying parameters,
non-linearities, non-stationarity, and many other characteristics often observed in real
systems of economic variables. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a
comprehensive updated summary of the literature on latent common factors extracted
using KFS procedures in the context of dynamic factor models, pointing out their
potential limitations. Signal extraction and parameter estimation issues are separately
analyzed. Identification issues are also tackled in both stationary and non-stationary
models. Finally, empirical applications are surveyed in both cases. This survey is relevant
to researchers and practitioners interested not only in the theory of KFS procedures for
factor extraction in dynamic[+][-]