Wireless Electromagnetic Radiation Assessment Based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): A Review Case Study
Author(s):
Abdul-Al, Mohamed; Amar, Ahmed S. I.; Elfergani, Issa; Littlehales, Richard; Ojaroudi Parchin, Naser; Al-Yasir, Yasir; See, Chan Hwang; Zhou, Dawei; Abidin, Zuhairiah Zainal; Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad; Zebiri, Chemseddine; Elmegri, Fauzi; Abusitta, Musa; Ullah, Atta; Abdussalam, Fathi M. A.; Rodriguez, Jonathan; McEwan, Neil J.; Noras, James M.; Hodgetts, Russell; Abd-Alhameed, Raed A.
Publisher:
MDPI
Issued date:
2022-02
Citation:
Abdul-Al, M., Amar, A. S. I., Elfergani, I., Littlehales, R., Ojaroudi Parchin, N., Al-Yasir, Y., See, C. H., Zhou, D., Zainal Abidin, Z., Alibakhshikenari, M., Zebiri, C., Elmegri, F., Abusitta, M., Ullah, A., Abdussalam, F. M. A., Rodriguez, J., McEwan, N. J., Noras, J. M., Hodgetts, R., & Abd-Alhameed, R. A. (2022). Wireless Electromagnetic Radiation Assessment Based on the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR): A Review Case Study. In Electronics (Vol. 11, Issue 4, p. 511). MDPI AG.
ISSN:
2079-9292
xmlui.dri2xhtml.METS-1.0.item-contributor-funder:
European Commission
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Sponsor:
The European Union’s Horizon 2020 innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-
MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
(EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1 supported this research. This study is also sponsored by the
FCT/MEC through national funds and, where applicable, co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020
Partnership Agreement under the UID/EEA/50008/2020 project. This study is part of the POSITIONII
project, which is funded by the European Commission’s Joint Undertaking under the grant number
Ecsel-7831132-Postitio-II-2017-IA. Moreover, this paper is also partially funded by British Council
“2019 UK-China-BRI Countries Partnership Initiative” programme, with project titled “Adapting to
Industry 4.0 oriented International Education and Research Collaboration”. In addition, this project
has received funding from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union’s Horizon 2020
research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant 801538.
Project:
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/722424
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/COFUND-GA-2017-801538
Keywords:
Electromagnetic fields
,
Emf
,
Sar
,
Radio frequency hazards
Rights:
© 2022 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
Atribución 3.0 España
Abstract:
Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing
technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper
presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biol
Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing
technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This paper
presents a useful insight into the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological media that is
defined by the heat generation due to induced currents and dielectric loss. The specific absorption
rate (SAR) defines the heating amount in a biological medium that is irradiated by an electromagnetic
field value. The paper reviews the radio frequency hazards due to the SAR based on various safety
standards and organisations, including a detailed investigation of previously published work in
terms of modelling and measurements. It also summarises the most common techniques utilised
between 1978 and 2021, in terms of the operational frequency spectrum, bandwidth, and SAR values.
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