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Plataforma de Captura de Base de Datos Biométricos de acuerdo a LOPD

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2017-07-06
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2017-07-06
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En los últimos años, la computación se ha introducido en ámbitos de la sociedad antes inimaginables. Hoy en día todos llevamos en nuestro bolsillo un dispositivo cientos de veces más potente que cualquier computadora de los años 80. No sólo eso, sino que podemos encontrar computadoras en nuestra muñeca, el coche o la nevera. El aumento del número de dispositivos móviles ha provocado el surgimiento de nuevas formas de identificación y autenticación. Como parte de esta expansión, se han llevado tecnologías más propias de gobiernos e instituciones de alta tecnología a la vida cotidiana de los usuarios. Un claro ejemplo son los sistemas de reconocimiento biométrico: desbloqueamos nuestro móvil con la huella dactilar, el iris o mediante reconocimiento facial, accedemos a zonas de acceso restringido o mostramos nuestra identidad en un aeropuerto. Estos avances han sido posibles en gran medida gracias al abandono del método tradicional de adquisición y comparación de huellas dactilares en papel para dejar paso al uso de dispositivos electrónicos, los sensores de huella dactilar. El presente documento tiene como objetivo la documentación de una plataforma de captura de muestras biométricas, concretamente huellas dactilares, capaz de recoger muestras a través de cinco sensores diferentes, analizando la calidad y procesando las muestras obtenidas. Este tipo de plataformas automatizan enormemente el proceso de recogida de muestras biométricas, y por ende la evaluación de sistemas de reconocimiento biométrico. La plataforma permite tanto realizar el registro del usuario en el sistema (almacenando sus datos personales) como capturar las muestras biométricas necesarias. La captura de muestras puede realizarse de dos modos: para reclutamiento, o para adquisición. Las muestras obtenidas durante el reclutamiento actuan como referencia del usuario en la plataforma, mientras que las muestras obtenidas durante la fase de adquisición serán comparadas con las referencias, determinando si pertenecen o no al mismo usuario. Este proyecto constituye el primer paso de un proyecto mayor, que busca realizar una evaluación de rendimiento de cinco sensores de captura de huella dactilar llevada a cabo por el Grupo Universitario de Tecnologías de Identificación (GUTI) de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Las muestras y estadísticas de uso recogidas con esta plataforma, serán posteriormente procesadas y comparadas, lo que nos permitirá conocer el rendimiento de cada uno de los sensores.
In the last few years, computing has been introduced in environments of the society inconceivable before. Nowadays we all carry on our pockets devices much more powerful than the computers from the 80s. We can even find computers in our wrist, the car or the fridge. The increasing number of mobile devices has caused the raising of new ways of identification and authentication. As part of this expansion, new technologies have been taken to peoples’ daily life. For example, biometric recognition systems are now used to unlock our smartphone, using for example fingerprint, facial or iris recognition. Biometrics is a field that studies in a statistically way different biology parameters. Biometric recognition, more concretely, groups all those technologies that allow the identification and/or verification of the identity of a subject from its morphological or behaviour characteristics. To be considered to be used for biometric recognition, a biological characteristic has to achieve some conditions [1]: Universality: can be found in any person. Uniqueness: has to be different enough between two persons. Continuance: may stay invariable along the time. Measurable: may be measured in a quantitative way. A fingerprint is the representation of the morphological surface of the epidermis of a finger. It has a serie of lines that, globally, are distributed in a parallel way. However these lines intersects and sometimes ends roughly. These points are technically called characteristic points of a fingerprint. To conclude if two fingerprints belong to the same person, the characteristic points of both fingerprints are compared. Fingerprints can be used in a biometric recognition system because achieves the requirements stated previously: Are universal, as every person has fingerprints. Are unique: every fingerprint is different in any person; its generation is not a genetic process, but random. Are perennial: they are formed during the sixth month of pregnancy, and stay invariable during a person lifetime, growing proportionally to the finger size. Its acquisition can be done in a easy and fast way. Multiple different fingerprints can be obtained from the same person, because each fingerprint from each finger is different even for the same individual. In the field of fingerprints’ recognition systems, the improvement of the technology has been made by the abandonment of traditional methods of acquisition and comparison of samples in benefit of the use of fingerprint sensors. Biometric recognition is a booming technology in the field of access control. Its main benefit in relation to traditional access control systems (like passwords) is that the user doesn’t have to remember anything, or even carry an identity card. However, the implementation of biometric recognition systems can be more expensive, and requires a high technological component. Generally, a biometric system can be divided into two stages: the enrolment and the use of the samples obtained: Enrolment: A serie of samples are taken from the user, and are processed to extract a pattern. This pattern will be stored, and will be used as the reference of the user in the system. One of the characteristics of this process is that usually is supervised by an operator, who controls that the data capture is done in a proper way. In addition, usually a minium quality threshold is established. This threshold can be based on the operator criteria, or an algorithm can be used to quantify the quality of the sample. Use of the samples: Once the system has stored the user’s pattern, the user can use the system. The samples obtained during this stage will be compared against the pattern obtained in the enrolment process. This comparison will result in a similarity score between the patterns. If the comparison is done against one reference, to check if both samples belong to the same individual, the process is called verification. If a sample is taken and a search is performed along all the database to find to which user it belongs, the process is called identification. If the comparison success, the user can use the system (for example, access to a restricted area, or unlock its smartphone). However, if the comparison doesn’t succeed, it means that an error was produced during the identification process, and the task for what the identification was required can’t not be performed. The following figure shows the schema of fingerprint recognition systems.
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Biometría, Proceso de imágenes, Bases de datos, Protección de datos
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