Publication: Diseño y análisis operativo de un aerocondensador para una planta solar térmica de 50MW
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2012-10
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2012-10-25
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Abstract
El acceso a la energía es un pilar básico para el desarrollo económico y para la calidad de vida de las personas. En los países desarrollados, en los que el acceso a la electricidad está garantizado, los desafíos del sector tienen que ver con la calidad, coste e impacto ambiental de esta energía. En concreto en España, la dependencia de energía primaria del exterior es superior al 70 %, por lo que el desarrollo de las energías renovables está cobrando una gran importancia. Además de la energía eólica y la hidráulica, el aprovechamiento de la energía procedente del Sol está actualmente experimentando un gran crecimiento en España gracias a su situación geográfica privilegiada y a la climatología de las regiones del sur, en las que destaca el elevado número de días soleados al año. Una de las formas de aprovechamiento de energía solar que está siendo más explotada en los últimos años son las centrales solares termoeléctricas, las cuales producen electricidad mediante un ciclo de vapor Rankine cuyo evaporador obtiene el calor mediante concentración de la radiación solar en un fluido caloportador. Este tipo de centrales requieren de un gran circuito de refrigeración para poder condensar el vapor del ciclo a la salida de la turbina. Convencionalmente, estas instalaciones se basan en un condensador húmedo con una torre de enfriamiento asociada y requieren de una abundante fuente de agua para funcionar. Debido a que las regiones donde las condiciones climáticas son ideales para la captación de la energía solar suelen tener escasez de recursos hídricos, la utilización de este tipo de condensadores húmedos limita ampliamente el desarrollo de nuevas centrales y la ampliación de otras muchas. El presente proyecto aborda este problema planteando la alternativa del uso de aerocondensadores para este tipo de centrales solares térmicas. Por ello se ha diseñado un aerocondensador que sustituya al modelo convencional de condensador húmedo con torre de refrigeración para una central solar térmica de 50 MW, que es la máxima potencia que tienen este tipo de centrales en España. Para completar el diseño y el análisis operativo, se han utilizado datos reales de la central solar térmica Palma del Río II, situada en Córdoba, con lo que se ha conseguido optimizar el funcionamiento del aerocondensador. Además, se ha realizado un análisis funcional de operabilidad, HAZOP, con el fin de establecer un sistema de control que garantice el buen funcionamiento de la instalación y prevenga posibles fallos que puedan desencadenar en accidentes. A continuación, un estudio de la problemática del agua y el impacto ambiental resaltan la relevancia de la solución adoptada desde el punto de vista medioambiental, ya que el aerocondensador diseñado no necesita agua para funcionar y por tanto tampoco hace uso de las unidades de tratamiento de agua con que cuentan los condensadores húmedos con torre. Por último se ha realizado un estudio económico en el que se detalla el presupuesto del sistema de control diseñado y se ha realizado una comparativa de los gastos anuales que precisa un aerocondensador y un condensador húmedo con torre. En las conclusiones de este proyecto se plantea la efectividad del diseño efectuado y las ventajas e inconvenientes de la solución adoptada. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Access to energy is basic for economic development and quality of life of people. In developed countries, where access to electricity is guaranteed, challenges in this area have to do with the quality,cost and environmental impact of this energy. Specifically in Spain, the primary energy dependence from abroad is over 70%, so development of renewable energy is gaining great importance. In addition to wind energy and hydraulic energy, using energy from the sun is currently experiencing a strong growth in Spain due to its geographical position and climate of the southern regions, where it highlights the high number of sunny days per year. One way of harnessing solar energy that is being most developed in recent years are solar thermal power plants, which produce electricity through a steam Rankine cycle which evaporator obtains heat by concentrating solar radiation using a thermal fluid. This kind of plants require an enormous refrigeration circuit to condense the steam cycle at the output of the turbine. Conventionally, these facilities are based on a wet condenser with a cooling tower which require an abundant source of water. Regions where climatic conditions are ideal for capturing solar energy usually have a lack of water resource. Because of this fact, the use of this type of wet condenser limits the development of new plants and the expansion of many others. This Project work proposes the use of air cooled condensers for this type of solar thermal power plants as an alternative in order to solve this problema. Therefore an air cooled condenser has been designed to replace the conventional model of wet condenser with cooling tower for a solar thermal power plant of 50 MW, which is the maximum power that this kind of power plants can reach in Spain. In order to complete the design and operational analysis, it have been used real data from the solar thermal power plant Palma del Río II, located in Córdoba, which has lead as to optimize the operation of the air cooled condenser. In addition, it has been performed functional analysis of operability (HAZOP), to establish a control system to ensure the proper functioning of the system and prevent possible malfunctions or accidents. Then, a study of lack of water and environmental impact highlight the relevance of the adopted solution from an environmental perspective Finally, it have been performeded an economic study which details the budget control system designed and it has carried out a comparison between annual costs that requires an air cooled condenser and a wet condenser with a cooled tower.
Access to energy is basic for economic development and quality of life of people. In developed countries, where access to electricity is guaranteed, challenges in this area have to do with the quality,cost and environmental impact of this energy. Specifically in Spain, the primary energy dependence from abroad is over 70%, so development of renewable energy is gaining great importance. In addition to wind energy and hydraulic energy, using energy from the sun is currently experiencing a strong growth in Spain due to its geographical position and climate of the southern regions, where it highlights the high number of sunny days per year. One way of harnessing solar energy that is being most developed in recent years are solar thermal power plants, which produce electricity through a steam Rankine cycle which evaporator obtains heat by concentrating solar radiation using a thermal fluid. This kind of plants require an enormous refrigeration circuit to condense the steam cycle at the output of the turbine. Conventionally, these facilities are based on a wet condenser with a cooling tower which require an abundant source of water. Regions where climatic conditions are ideal for capturing solar energy usually have a lack of water resource. Because of this fact, the use of this type of wet condenser limits the development of new plants and the expansion of many others. This Project work proposes the use of air cooled condensers for this type of solar thermal power plants as an alternative in order to solve this problema. Therefore an air cooled condenser has been designed to replace the conventional model of wet condenser with cooling tower for a solar thermal power plant of 50 MW, which is the maximum power that this kind of power plants can reach in Spain. In order to complete the design and operational analysis, it have been used real data from the solar thermal power plant Palma del Río II, located in Córdoba, which has lead as to optimize the operation of the air cooled condenser. In addition, it has been performed functional analysis of operability (HAZOP), to establish a control system to ensure the proper functioning of the system and prevent possible malfunctions or accidents. Then, a study of lack of water and environmental impact highlight the relevance of the adopted solution from an environmental perspective Finally, it have been performeded an economic study which details the budget control system designed and it has carried out a comparison between annual costs that requires an air cooled condenser and a wet condenser with a cooled tower.
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Keywords
Aerocondensadores, Plantas termosolares, Energía solar térmica, Transferencia de calor, Impacto ambiental