Publication: Historia internacional contemporánea y militarismo en perspectiva de género
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2012
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Abstract
Las relaciones entre el ejército y la sociedad, entre los soldados y las mujeres, entre la escena internacional y las funciones de género, tienen en el mundo contemporáneo y occidental una larga tradición de usos difíciles e insanos. De entre ellos no ha sido menor la condición largamente pasiva de las mujeres en las acciones ofensivas y defensivas de los modernos Estados-Nación. Si la cultura del patriotismo – en ocasiones mal entendido - de las mujeres fue intensamente fomentada en los Imperios de Centro Europa, también lo fue la radical dicotomía ochocentista entre lo privado y lo público que hacía uso del ejército como herramienta cercenadora, entre hombres y mujeres: a cada cual su parte en el esfuerzo. En el siglo XX, mujeres y ejércitos tuvieron no obstante que trabar acuerdos, en origen imprecisos ciertamente. Véanse los intereses compartidos al hilo de los puntuales esfuerzos de guerra como consecuencia del estallido de las dos conflagraciones mundiales. De dichos tratos las mujeres apenas si sacaron en limpio unas cofias de enfermera, unos uniformes de telegrafista y, lo más frecuente, unos mandiles de cocinar con que protegerse de las salpicaduras tras el mostrador de las cantinas. La vocación femenina contemporánea de incorporación a la soldadesca fue temprana y se había consumado inicialmente bajo engaños o argucias no muy lucidos – con uniformes, barbas y bigotes que cubrían el curvilíneo cuerpo de las chicas en las guerras del XIX, por ejemplo en la de Secesión Americana - y, solo en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, auspiciada por el avance de las legislaciones internacionales a propósito de la igualdad entre las personas con independencia de su raza o sexo. Ya en el terreno de la sociedad internacional de las últimas décadas las mujeres han encontrado un ámbito propicio al desarrollo pleno de sus intereses profesionales, también en el ejército. Siendo este un campo de estudio muy vasto en otras academias universitarias, especialmente en la anglosajona, en España es aún un área de estudio de escaso recorrido entre los historiadores contemporaneistas si bien con un enorme potencial. En las páginas que siguen se aborda alguna de las cuestiones referidas: feminismos y militarismos, mujeres en los ejércitos, sociedad internacional y mujeres a propósito de las misiones internacionales, con alusiones concretas al caso español.
Relationship between the army and society, between soldiers and women, between the international scene and gender roles have, in contemporary western world, a long tradition of difficult and insane uses. The long tradition of women passiveness about the offensive and defensive actions at modern States has not been a minor topic in history. If the culture of women patriotism –often misunderstood- was intensely promoted by the Center Europe Empires States at 19th, also there was a radical dichotomy between the private and the public sphere that used armies as cutting tools: men and women each one on their own way and doing their own part in the common effort. In the 20th century women and armies have been forced nevertheless to unite agreements. For example they had to share interests at punctual efforts because of war, as a consequence of the snap of the both World Wars, the firth and the seconds one. Because of the above mentioned treatments, women got just a few advantages: a nurse's head-dresses, a few telegrapher's uniforms and, the most frequent thing, a few aprons of cooking to be protected with from the splashes in the soldier canteens. The feminine contemporary vocation of incorporation to the military profession was early and initially completed under deceptions -by uniforms, beards and moustaches, that were covering the curvilinear body of the girls in the 19th wars, for example in that of American Secession- and, just in the second half of the 20th century, supported by the advance of the international legislations about the equality between people with independence of his race or sex. During the last decades international society, women have found a propitious area to the full development of their professional interests, also in the army. Being this a field of very vast study in other university academies and cultures, especially in the Anglo-Saxon ones, in Spain it is nevertheless still a scanty tour area of Modern and Recent History, so there is a wide future about these studies. In the pages that continue there is an approach to someone of the above-mentioned questions: feminisms and militarisms, women in the armies, international society recent history and women in the international missions for peace, looking indeed at the Spanish modern experiences.
Relationship between the army and society, between soldiers and women, between the international scene and gender roles have, in contemporary western world, a long tradition of difficult and insane uses. The long tradition of women passiveness about the offensive and defensive actions at modern States has not been a minor topic in history. If the culture of women patriotism –often misunderstood- was intensely promoted by the Center Europe Empires States at 19th, also there was a radical dichotomy between the private and the public sphere that used armies as cutting tools: men and women each one on their own way and doing their own part in the common effort. In the 20th century women and armies have been forced nevertheless to unite agreements. For example they had to share interests at punctual efforts because of war, as a consequence of the snap of the both World Wars, the firth and the seconds one. Because of the above mentioned treatments, women got just a few advantages: a nurse's head-dresses, a few telegrapher's uniforms and, the most frequent thing, a few aprons of cooking to be protected with from the splashes in the soldier canteens. The feminine contemporary vocation of incorporation to the military profession was early and initially completed under deceptions -by uniforms, beards and moustaches, that were covering the curvilinear body of the girls in the 19th wars, for example in that of American Secession- and, just in the second half of the 20th century, supported by the advance of the international legislations about the equality between people with independence of his race or sex. During the last decades international society, women have found a propitious area to the full development of their professional interests, also in the army. Being this a field of very vast study in other university academies and cultures, especially in the Anglo-Saxon ones, in Spain it is nevertheless still a scanty tour area of Modern and Recent History, so there is a wide future about these studies. In the pages that continue there is an approach to someone of the above-mentioned questions: feminisms and militarisms, women in the armies, international society recent history and women in the international missions for peace, looking indeed at the Spanish modern experiences.
Description
Capítulo de un libro editado por el profesor José Luis Rodriguez. En proceso de publicación (2012).
Keywords
Historia Contemporánea, Historia Internacional, Guerra, Paz, Mujeres, Militarismo, Ejércitos, Misiones de paz, Antimilitarismo, Siglo XIX, Siglo XX, España, Empoderamiento, Modern and Recent History, International History, War, Peace, Women, Militarism, Armies, Missions of Peace, Anti-militarism, 19th century, 20th century, Spain, Empowerment