Publication: The end of the European Paradox
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2011-09
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the European Paradox according to which Europe plays a leading world
role in terms of scientific excellence, measured in terms of the number of publications, but lacks
the entrepreneurial capacity of the U.S. to transform this excellent performance into innovation,
growth, and jobs. Citation distributions for the U.S., the European Union (EU), and the rest of the
world are evaluated using a pair of high- and low-impact indicators, as well as the mean citation
rate. The dataset consists of 3.6 million articles published in 1998-2002 with a common five-year
citation window. The analysis is carried at a low aggregation level: the 219 sub-fields identified
with the Web of Science categories distinguished by Thomson Scientific. The problems posed by
international co-authorship and the multiple assignments of articles to sub-fields are solved
following a multiplicative strategy. In the first place, we find that, although the EU has more
publications than the U.S. in 113 out of 219 sub-fields, the U.S. is ahead of the EU in 189 and 163
sub-fields in terms of the high- and low-impact indicators. In the second place, we verify that using
the high-impact indicator the U.S./EU gap is usually greater than when using the mean citation
rate.
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Citation analysis, World rankings, High-impact indicators